ÍndiceIndex


GRAMMÀTICAGRAMMATICS

E S S E N T I A L E

L AT INA



J O R D I C A S S A N Y - B A T E S


Bucureste, Vía Neolatina, 2019 [Actualizzatione: 17/3/20] 2ª editione partiale, mellîorata et ampliata, de
Bucharest, Vía Neolatina, 2019 [Actualization: 17/3/20] 2nd partial edition, improved and expanded, of

Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino,
Essential elements of neo-latino romance,

òpera registrata lo 5 de janario de 2012 en lo
opera recorded on January 5, 2012 in the

Registre de la Propietat Intel·lectual de la Comunitat Valenciana
Register of Intellectual Property of the Valencian Community

con lo nómero de sollicitúdine V-20-12.
with sollicitúdine number V-20-12.


Uno projècto que communica los d i v è r s o s p ò p o l o s n e o l a t i n o s attravèrso de loro mesma “ lengua”: l o r o m a n c e ; et los divèrsos pòpolos europèos attravèrso de loros “lenguas” sorores: lo romance, lo germànico, lo slavo,...
A project that communicates the various Neolatinos through their own "language": romance ; and the various European peoples through their sister "languages": Romance , Germanic , Slavic ,...


2 0 0 6 - 2 0 2 0


www.neolatino.eu

"Lo latino continúa vivo en las lenguas romànicas, lo italiano, lo francese, lo espannîolo, etc., lenguas exitas de lo latino. En facto, ellas non son altra causa que lo latino reale de hòjje."
"Latin continues to live in the Romance languages, Italian, French, Spanish, etc., languages ​​derived from Latin. In fact, they are nothing but real Latin today.

Wilfried Stroh, Universitate de Mònaco de Baviera (2009: 13)
Wilfried Stroh, University of Monaco de Bavaria (2009: 13)


"Per comparatione et contrasto entre las divèrsas lenguas romànicas èst possíbile arripare ad unos tractos communes que comparten totas ellas, aut en la soa majoritate, mais que diffèren de lo latino escripto et normativo. Cuestos tractos se explican per que son desveloppos de lo latino parlato et colloquiale (familiaris), extenduto per tota la Romania (territòrios latinoparlantes de lo Impèrio) ante de que cuesta se dividesse en distintas communitates socio-políticas depòs las invasiones estrangèras et se accentuassen las differèntias locales."
"By comparison and contrast between the various Romance languages ​​it is possible to arrive at some common features that all of them share, high in their majority, but that differ from written and normative Latin. These features are explained because they are developed from spoken Latin et colloquiale ( familiaris ), extended throughout Romania (Latin-speaking territories of the Empire) before it became divided into different socio-political communities after foreign invasions and local differences were accentuated.

Alfredo Encuentra, Universitate de Zaragoza (2011: 14)
Alfredo Finds, University of Zaragoza (2011: 14)


"Malgrado la grande variatione que offèren los idiomas romànicos, la soa evolutione et las soas structuras presèntan tantos tractos communes que se pòte parlare de uno tipo linguístico romànico. Ello èst devuto non solo ad uno patrimònio lèxico heredetato et una idiosincrasía structurale communes, mais altrosí ad la constante presèntia de modèllos grammaticales et textuales latinos en la cultura de Occidènte et ad las recíprocas influèntias en divèrsas èpocas de las culturas romana et romànicas."
"Despite the great variation that the Romance languages ​​offer, their evolution and structures present so many common features that one can speak of a Romance linguistic type. It is due not only to an inherited lexical heritage and a common idiosyncratic structure, but also to to the constant presence of Latin grammatical and textual models in the culture of the West and to the mutual influences in various epochs of the Roman and Romance cultures.

Miguel Metzeltin, Universitate de Viènna (2004: 45)


"Cuello plus notàbile de lo romance èst [...] quànto non ha cambiato, quànto stàbiles han remanuto las lenguas ad lo lòngo de doos mille annos, de manaria que en cèrto sènso pòten sequire essèndo consideratas una única unitate linguística."
"The most remarkable thing about Romance is [...] how much it has not changed, how stable the languages ​​have remained over the course of two thousand years, so that in a sense they can continue to be considered a single linguistic unit.

Rebecca Posner, Universitate de Òxford (1996: 283)


"Totos los mèmbros de la familia [latina] sapen, aut sènten, que las frontarias entre las loros lenguas son frontarias transparèntes, que se pòten traversare en qualonque momènto, spontàneamente et sene formalitate."
"All members of the [Latin] family know, feel, that the borders between their languages ​​are transparent borders, which can be crossed at any time, spontaneously and without formality.

Unione Latina1Latin Union1


"Non èst impossíbile concepere una interlengua romànica."
"It is not impossible to conceive a Romance interlanguage."

Rebecca Posner, Universitate de Òxford (1996: 344)


1 http://www.unilat.org/SG/Organisation/Presentation/Latinite/index.fr.asp (30/05/10)

ÍNDICEINDEX

  1. PRÒLOGO 6PROLOGUE 6

  2. INTRODUCTIONE 8

    2. 1. DESCRIPTIONE DE LA ÒPERA 9

    2. 2. ABBREVIATURAS ET SÍMBOLOS 10
    2. 2. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS 10

  3. SÒNOS ET ORTOGRAFÍA 13
    SOUNDS AND SPELLING 13

    3. 1. SÒNOS FUNDAMENTALES ET VARIANTES 13
    3. 1. FUNDAMENTAL SÒNOS AND VARIANTS 13

    3. 1. 1. VOCALES 16
    3. 1. 1. VOWELS 16

    3. 1. 2. CONSONANTES 18
    3. 1. 2. CONSONANTS 18

    3. 2. ORTOGRAFÍA 21
    3. 2. SPELLING 21

    3. 2. 1. ABECEDARIO 21
    3. 2. 1. ALPHABET 21

    3. 2. 2. MÚLTIPLES ORTOGRAFÍAS ROMÀNICAS 22
    3. 2. 2. MULTIPLE ROMAN SPELLINGS 22

    3. 2. 3. UNA ORTOGRAFÍA NEOLATINA INTUITIVA ET FLEXÍBILE 24
    3. 2. 3. AN INTUITIVE AND FLEXIBILE NEOLATINE SPELLING 24

    3. 2. 5. ACCENTUATIONE 35

    3. 3. PRONUNTIATIONE 36
    3. 3. PRONUNCIATION 36

    3. 3. 1. QUANTITATE VOCÀLICA 36
    3. 3. 1. VOWELIC QUANTITY 36

    3. 3. 2. QUANTITATE CONSONÀNTICA 37

    3. 3. 3. SIMPLIFICATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS 38

    3. 3. 4. ASSIMILATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS 39

    3. 3. 4. REFORTSAMÈNTO FONETICOSINTÀCTICO 39
    3. 3. 4. PHONETIC-SYNTACTIC REINFORCEMENT 39

    3. 3. 5. PRONUNTIATIONES REGIONALES 42

  4. MORFOLOGÍA NOMINALE 44
    NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY 44

    4. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES 44

    4. 2. SUBSTANTIVOS ET ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE 44
    4. 2. NOUNS ET ADJECTIVES: GENDER 44

    4. 3. SUBSTANTIOS ET ADJECTIVOS: NÚMERO 45

    4. 4. PRONOMES PERSONALES 46
    4. 4. PERSONAL PRONOMES 46

    4. 5. RELATIVOS 46
    4. 5. RELATIVES 46

    4. 6. ARTÍCULOS 47
    4. 6. ARTICLES 47

    4. 7. POSSESSIVOS 47
    4. 7. POSSESSIVES 47

    4. 8. DEMOSTRATIVOS 48
    4. 8. DEMONSTRATIVES 48

    4. 9. INTERROGATIVOS 48
    4. 9. INTERROGATIVES 48

    4. 10. INDEFINITOS ET QUANTITATIVOS 48

    4. 11. NUMERALES 49
    4. 11. NUMERALS 49

  5. MORFOLOGÍA VERBALE 51
    VERBAL MORPHOLOGY 51

    5. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES 51

    5. 1. 1. FLEXIONE 51
    5. 1. 1. BENDING 51

    5. 1. 2. VÈRBOS AUXILIARES 53
    5. 1. 2. AUXILIARY VERBS 53

    5. 2. VÈRBOS REGULARES 53
    5. 2. REGULAR VERBS 53

    5. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONES 53

    5. 2. 2. MODÈLLOS DE LAS CONJUGATIONES 54
    5. 2. 2. MODELS OF CONJUGATIONS 54

    5. 4. MORFÈMAS VERBALES 56
    5. 4. VERB MORPHEMS 56

    5. 4. 1. VOCALE TEMÀTICA 56
    5. 4. 1. THEMATIC VOCAL 56

    5. 4. 2. PERSONA, NÚMERO 57
    5. 4. 2. PERSON, NUMBER 57

    5. 4. 3. TÈMPO, ASPÈCTO, MÒDO 58
    5. 4. 3. TIME, APPEARANCE, MODE 58

    5. 5. ALTERANANTIAS 61

    5. 5. 1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES 62

    5. 5. 2. ALTERATIONES VOCÀLICAS 63

    5. 5. 3. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (1) 65

    5. 5. 4. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (2): PER IÒD 67

    5. 5. 5. VÈRBOS CON INFIXO –ESC- / –ISC 69
    5. 5. 5. VERBS WITH INFIX –ESC- / –ISC 69

    5. 5. 6. ALTRAS ALTERNANTIAS 71

    5. 5. 7. MODÈLLOS CON ALTERNANTIAS 72
    5. 5. 7. MODELS WITH ALTERNATIVES 72

    5. 6. VÈRBOS IRREGULARES 96
    5. 6. IRREGULAR VERBS 96

  6. LÈXICO INVARIÀBILE 106
    INVARIABLE VOCABULARY 106

    6. 1. CONJUNCTIONES 106

    6. 2. PREPOSITIONES 106

    6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONES DE LÒCO 106

    6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONES DE TÈMPO 107

    6. 3. ADVÈRBIOS 107
    6. 3. ADVERBS 107

    6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATIONE, NEGATIONE 107

    6. 3. 2. LÒCO 107
    6. 3. 2. LOCATION 107

    6. 3. 3. TÈMPO 107
    6. 3. 3. TEMPO 107

    6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITATE ET ALTROS 107
    6. 3. 4. MANNER, QUANTITY AND OTHERS 107

    6. 3. 5. ADVÈRBIOS EN –MENTE 107
    6. 3. 5. ADVERBS IN –MIND 107

  7. SINTAXE 109SYNTAX 109

    7. 1. SINTAGMA NOMINALE 109
    7. 1. NOUN PHRASE 109

    7. 2. SINTAGMA VERBALE 109
    7. 2. VERBAL PHRASE 109

    7. 2. STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS ESSENTIALES 109

    7. 3. ALTRAS STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS 109
    7. 3. OTHER SYNTACTICAL STRUCTURES 109

  8. APPENDICES 111

    8. 1. ALTERNANTIAS DE LOS VÈRBOS ESSENTIALES 111

    8. 2. REVISIONE DE LO NEOLATINO (2012 vs. actuale) 124
    8. 2. REVIEW OF NEOLATINO (2012 vs. current) 124

  9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA 131
    BIBLIOGRAPHY 131

  1. PRÒLOGOPROLOGUE

    Los pòpolos latinos, tanto entro Euròpa quanto fòra, mancan de uno modèllo de lengua (neo)latina commune dès que lo latino et pòs lo francese han essuto desplattsatos en la communicatione internationale per una lengua de orígine germànico, lo anglese, de crescènte uso globale.
    Latin peoples, both within Europe and outside, lack a common (neo)Latin language model since Latin and then French have been displaced in international communication by a language of Germanic origin, English, of increasing global use .

    Por facilitare et altrosí dignificare la communicatione inter- et panlatina actuale, lo projècto Vía Neolatina ha recuperato et actualizzato lo latino, orígine de las lenguas neolatinas aut romànicas et traditionale stàndarde commune. Lo modèllo de lengua que presènta cui èst una síntese de la variatione romànica que pròva de essere representativa de lo ensèmole; una varietate nòva et commune mais en lo mesmo tèmpo naturale et plurale que permette ad lo usuario communicare-se en toto lo Mondo Latino adaptando-la ad los soos interèsses et necessitates. Èst útile tanto ad latinos quanto ad non latinos que necessitan una pòrta de ingrèsso centrale ad lo romance, uno pònte vèrso divèrsos romances particulares.
    In order to facilitate and otherwise dignify the current inter- and pan-Latin communication, the Vía Neolatina project has recovered and updated Latin, the origin of the Neolatin languages ​​and traditional common standard. The language model he presents is a synthesis of the Romance variation that proves to be representative of the whole; a new and common variety but at the same time natural and plural that allows the user to communicate throughout the Latin World adapting it to his interests and needs. It is useful to both Latinos and non-Latinos who need a central gateway to the novel, a bridge to various particular novels.

    Cuesta Costspropòstaproposal de stàndarde, que pòte essere clamata 'romance neolatino' aut 'NEOLATINO', recòrda ad la
    of standard, which can be called 'neo-Latin romance' or 'NEOLATIN', reminds us of the
    lingua romana
    Roman language
    (1889) de Stefan George (Alemannîa), una lengua poètica que lo escriptore usau en parte de la soa òpera lírica. En plus, èst molto semelante ad lo
    (1889) by Stefan George (Germany), a poetic language that the writer used in part of his lyrical opera. In addition, it is very similar to the
    neolatino (1947) de André Schild (Esviza) et lo internacional
    International
    (1948) de João Campos Lima (Portugale), propòstos por la communicatione internationale como alternativa ad lo esperanto; ad la
    (1948) by João Campos Lima (Portugal), proposals for international communication as an alternative to Esperanto; ad la
    interlingua romanicaRomanesque (2001) de Richard Sorfleet (Canadà) et Josu Lavin (Espannîa, Paese Basco) et lo
    (2001) by Richard Sorfleet (Canada) and Josu Lavin (Spain, Basque Country) and the
    interromanicointerromanic (2017) de Raymund Zacharias (Alemannîa) et Thiago Sanctus (Brasile), propòstos por la communicatione panlatina; et ad lo
    (2017) by Raymund Zacharias (Germany) and Thiago Sanctus (Brazil), proposals for pan-Latin communication; et ad lo
    olivarianuolivarian (2010) de Clayton Cardoso (Brasile), creato por uno mondo de fictione (la romànicamente cèntrica “ísola de Olivaria”, en lo mare de Sardennîa). Lo anàlise comparativo de cuestas “lenguas” mòstra que son, pròpriamente, variantes de uno mesmo modèllo de lengua (neo)latino, “(re)creato” independèntmente per divèrsos auctores en divèrsos lòcos et tèmpos. Una lengua que, donque, non èst inventata né artificiale.
    (2010) by Clayton Cardoso (Brazil), created by a world of fiction (the Romance-centric "Olivaria Island", in the sea of ​​Sardinia). The comparative analysis of these "languages" shows that they are, in fact, variants of the same model of (neo) Latin language, "(re)created" independently by several authors in several places and times. A language that, therefore, is neither invented nor artificial.

    Vía Neolatina reúne cuestos precedèntes et antecedèntes et continúa lo lavoro, inspirando- se plus fidelemente en las codificationes realizzatas de manaria planificata per specialistas por múltiples lenguas romànicas (catalano, occitano, gallèco, grisone, etc.) et de altro orígine (cèco, norvegese –nynorsk-, grèco, basco, etc.) en los últimos doos sècolos. Los linguistias de Vía Neolatina han codificato lo neolatino tanto scientíficamente quanto ha essuto possíbile secondo claros principios en lo contèxto de la linguística applicata. Gratias ad cuesto, lo neolatino èst, acora sí, una lengua complètamente romànica.
    Vía Neolatina brings together previous and antecedent issues and continues the work, inspiring itself more faithfully in the codifications carried out in a planned manner by specialists for multiple Romance languages ​​(Catalan, Occitan, Gallic, Grisone, etc.) and other origins (Norwegian, etc.). – Nynorsk -, Greek, Basque, etc.) in the last two centuries. The linguists of Vía Neolatina have codified Neolatin as much scientifically as has been possible according to clear principles in the context of applied linguistics. Thanks to this, Neo-Latin is, now, a completely Romance language.

    Per exèmplo, mancavan sònos como las consonantes /ɲ/ et /ʎ/, desconoscutas en latino clàssico mais pròprios de quasi totas las varietates romànicas, inclusive las sèx lenguas plus grandes:
    For example, they lacked sounds such as the consonants /nyj/ and /ʎ/, unknown in classical Latin but typical of almost all Romance varieties, including the six larger languages:

  2. INTRODUCTIONE

    Cuesta Grammàtica Essentiale Neolatina et lo Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino elaborato parallèlamente son una nòva contributione de lo projècto Vía Neolatina ad lo procèsso de codificatione panromànica. La grammàtica et lo lèxico que propònen han essuto definitos sequèndo unos principios de desegno que intègran las teorías científicas de la linguística applicata ad la codificatione et las pràcticas de divèrsas codificationes exsistèntes (principalemente, las romànicas plus recèntes). Lo modèllo de lengua resultante correge et mellîora, en qualques pontos, la propòsta initiale facta per Vía Neolatina (Cassany, 2012)3.
    This Essential Neolatin Grammar and the Essential Neolatin Dictionary elaborated in parallel are a new contribution of the Vía Neolatina project to the process of pan-Romance codification. The grammar and vocabulary they propose have been defined according to design principles that integrate the scientific theories of linguistics applied to the codification and the practices of various existing codifications (mainly the most recent Romance). The resulting language model corrects and improves, in some points, the initial proposal made by Vía Neolatina ( Cassany, 2012 ) 3 .

    En espèra de futuras editiones plus complètas (et mellîoratas et corrèctas de possíbiles errores), las versiones actuales de la Grammàtica et lo Dictionario offèren unos elemèntos essentiales. Con ellos, lo lectore que conosce una varietate de romance ja pòte initiare-se fàcilemente en lo uso de lo romance neolatino, tanto escripto quanto orale. Altros elemèntos de lo romance neolatino non definitos en cuestas òperas pòten essere supplitos per lo pròprio usuario con uno pauco de ‘instincto romànico’4.
    In anticipation of future more complete editions (and improved and corrected possible errors), the current versions of the Grammar and the Dictionary offer some essential elements. With them, the reader who knows a variety of romance can already easily get started in the use of the Neo-Latin romance, both written and oral. Other elements of the Neo-Latin romance not defined in these operas can be supplicated by the user himself with a little 'Romanesque instinct' 4 .

    Lo lectore interessato troparà, en la òpera Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino
    The interested reader will find, in the work, Principios de disegno de lo romance latin

    (Cassany, 2017), una presentatione de lo projècto Vía Neolatina et una expositione de:
    (Cassany, 2017), a presentation of the Vía Neolatina project and an exhibition of:

Si havetes qualque demanda aut suggerimènto, contactate-nos cui: http://neolatino.eu/nos.html
If you have any questions or suggestions, please contact us at: http://neolatino.eu/nos.html


3 Los principales cambios son listatos en lo tèrtso appendice.

4 Símplicemente, adaptando las formas de lo romance que ja cognosce (aut, preferèntemente, de lo romance plus centrale et símile ad lo neolatino: lo italiano) sequèndo lo exèmplo de los elemèntos cui descriptos. Lo usuario plus exigènte, pòte cercare formas plus neolatinas comparando las de divèrsos romances (por cuesto troparà, en la bibliografía, libros et ligàmenes útiles) et applicando los critèrios et recursos de codificatione expòstos en Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino (Cassany, 2017).
4 Simply, adapting the forms of the Romance he already knows (high, preferably, from the most central Romance and similar to the Neo-Latin: Italian) following the example of the elements described. The more demanding user can search for more Neo-Latin forms by comparing those of several novels (for this reason he will find, in the bibliography, useful books and links) and applying the criteria and resources of codification exposed in Principles of design of the Neo-Latin novel (Cassany, 2017 ).

  1. 1. DESCRIPTIONE DE LA ÒPERA

    La presènte òpera expòne de manaria brève et pràctica los elemèntos grammaticales essentiales de uno romance neolatino:
    The present opera exposes in a brief and practical manner the essential grammatical elements of a Neo-Latin romance:

En lo appendice se presèntan los cambios (correctiones et mellîoras) de lo modèllo neolatino actuale respècto ad lo propòsto per Vía Neolatina initialemente, en 2012.
The appendix presents the changes (corrections et mellîoras) of the current neolatino model with respect to the proposal for Vía Neolatina initially, in 2012.

  1. 2. ABBREVIATURAS ET SÍMBOLOS
    ‌2. ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

    En la sequènte tabèlla potetes consultare las abbreviaturas et símbolos de divèrso tipo usatos en la presènte òpera.
    In the following table you can consult the abbreviations and symbols of various types used in the present work.



    SIGNIFICATOMEANING

    EXÈMPLOS

    acc.

    accusativoaccusative

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.)

    Josepe ama la vita.
    Josepe loves life.

    adj., adj., ADJ.

    adjectivoadjective

    adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente
    adj. fast f. Mr. →adv. quickly

    SN. + V. (essere) + ADJ.
    SN. + V. (to be) + ADJ.

    Josepe èst simpàtico.
    Josepe is nice.

    adv., adv.

    advèrbioadverb

    adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente
    adj. fast f. Mr. →adv. quickly

    ART.

    artículoarticle

    ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N. (+ADJ.)
    ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N. (+ADJ.)

    Los professores jóvenes.
    The young teachers.

    Cas.

    castellanoCastilian

    Cas. hierro, fuerte
    Cas. iron, strong

    Cat.

    catalano

    Cat. ferro, fort
    Cat. iron, strong

    cf.

    compara (lat confer)
    compare (lat confer)

    estrata (cf. vía)
    strata (cf. via)

    conj.

    conjugatione

    -are (deriva de la conj. 1ª latina)

    dat.that.

    dativodative

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SN. (dat.)

    Josepe dà la informatione ad uno
    Joseph gives the information to one

    collèga.colleague.

    der.the.

    derivatoderivative

    [s]oleil der.
    [s]oleil the.

    det.the.

    determinato

    ART. [det./indet.]
    ART. [sea/tissue]

    etim.

    etimològicoetymological

    rhetòrica (variante etim. de retòrica)
    rhetoric (etymological variant of rhetoric)

    eur.euros.

    (portughese) europèo
    (Portuguese) European

    eur. ca[β]ra
    time. ca[β]ra

    f., f.

    femeninofemale

    bòno m. bòna f.
    bonus m. → bona f.

    Fra.From.

    franceseFrench

    Fra. fer, fort
    From. fer, fast

    ger.gives.

    gerundiogerund

    sequire [ger. et ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]
    sequire [ger. et ppr. =queen-/=queen-]

    indet.tissue.

    indeterminato

    ART. [det./indet.]
    ART. [sea/tissue]

    inno.

    innovatione propòsta per lo projècto
    innovation proposed for the project

    Via Neolatina.

    inno. deante (de)
    inno. done (of)

    inv.

    invariàbile, sene flexione

    hi èst sg. ·hi son pl. / hi ha inv.
    hi est sg. ·hi are pl. / hi ha inv.

    irr.

    vèrbo molto irregulare
    very irregular verb

    havere: irr.

    Ita.She.

    italianoItalian

    Ita. ferro, forte
    Ita. iron, strong

    lat.years.

    Lat.Years.

    latino

    –ire (conj. 4ª lat.)
    -ire (conj. 4ª lat.)

    Lat. vul AUD < Lat. AUT
    Lat. vul AUD < Lat. AUT

    lia.his

    liaison

    che[z] lia.

    m., m.

    masculinomasculine

    bòno m. bòna f.
    bonus m. → bona f.

    n., n.

    nèutroneutral

    3ª ps. sg. n. ello
    3rd ps. sg. n. it

    nom.name.

    nominativonominative

    SN. + V. (essere) + SN. (nom.)
    SN. + V. (essere) + SN. (name.)

    Josepe èst studènte.
    Josepe is a student.

    Occ.

    occitanoOccitan

    Occ. p[y]r

    pl., pl.

    pluraleplural

    pl. m. govèrnos
    pl. m. governments

    Por.By.

    romance portughese

    Por. ferro, forte
    Per. iron, strong

    pp.

    participio de passato
    past participle

    pp. apèrto pp. open

    ppr.

    participio de presènte
    present participle

    sequire [ger. et ppr. =quièn-/=quèn-]
    sequire [ger. et ppr. =queen-/=queen-]

    pron.

    pronomepronoun

    n. (pron.) n. (pron.)

    Rum.

    rumènoRomanian

    Rum. fier Rum. iron

    sg., sg.

    singulareSINGULAR

    pron.

    Lei sg., Loro pl., Voi pl.
    She sg., They pl., You pl.

    SN.

    sintagma nominale
    nominal phrase

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.)

    Josepe ama la vita.
    Josepe loves life.

    SP.

    sintagma prepositionale

    SN. + V. + SP.

    Josepe dòrme en lo hostale.
    Josepe sleeps in the inn.

    V.IN.

    vèrboverb

    SN. + V. + SN. (acc.)

    Josepe ama la vita.
    Josepe loves life.

    va.and.

    vèrbo auxiliare
    auxiliary verbs

    va.and.

    haverehave

    var.was.

    variantevariant

    astma (var. asthma)
    asthma (var. asthma)

    ved.by.

    vedeteyou see

    ved. § 3.1.2.3.4
    by. Section 3.1.2.3.4

    vi.we.

    vèrbo intransitivo
    intransitive verb

    vi.we.

    bassîare, descendere
    to bassîare, to go down

    vn.

    vèrbo non personale
    non-personal verb

    vn.

    havere-hi, èssere-hi
    havere-hi, isbeing-hi

    vr.

    vèrbo reflexivo
    reflexive verb

    vr.

    arrestare-se, detenere-se

    vrp.

    vèrbo reflexivo pronominale
    reflexive verb pronouns

    vrp.

    ire-se-ne

    vt.

    vèrbo transitivo
    transitive verb

    vt.

    abbassîare, bassîare
    to lower, to lower

    vti.

    vèrbo transitivo et intransitivo

    vti.

    bassîareBassiare

    vti.

    cantaresing

    §

    sectione

    ved. § 3.1.2.3.4
    by. Section 3.1.2.3.4

    -

    initio de paraulaword initio

    z- de orígine grèco
    z- of Greek origin

    finale de paraulaend of word

    sufixo grèco –iz
    Greek suffix –iz

    - -

    interiore de paraula
    word interior

    infixo incoativo -ISC-
    inchoative infix -ISC-

    [ ]

    transcriptione fonètica secondo lo Alfabèto Fonètico Internationale.

    [‘lɛ:ʤeɾe]['he:ʤeɾe]

    \

    variante grammaticale
    variant grammatical

    alcuno\alcunsome\any

    /

    variante (geogràfica, stilística,...)
    variant (geographical, stylistic,...)

    cantarà/cantaràt
    will sing/you will sing

    [bd]/[d:]

    alègre/alègra f. sg.
    alégre/alègra f. sg.

    optiones

    la quale∤quala f

    (la quale / la quala)
    (which / which)

    < >

    grafèma(s) (ved. § 3.2.2)
    grapheme(s) (see § 3.2.2)

    <c>: [ʧ] ante <e, i>: [ʧ] before

    <

    provène de, have lo orígine en
    comes from, has its origin in

    lopos < acc.

    #

    arcaicoarchaic

    Fra. # châti[ɣ]er
    From. # châti[ɣ]s

    *

    antico aut minoritario
    ancient minority aut

    Cas. * ra[ʣ]ón
    Cas. * ra[ʣ]ón

    =

    terminatione de una variante
    termination of one variant

    tèrtso =sa f
    tërtso = that f

    (tèrtso m. · tèrtsa f.)

    terminatione de var. geogràfica, stilística,...
    termination of var. geographical, stylistic,...

    adj. generale ≠la f. sg.
    adj. generale ≠la f. sg.

    (generale m. et f. / generala f.)
    (general m. and f. / general f.)

    quale ≠la fwhich ≠the f

    (quale m. et f. / quala f.)
    (such as m. and f. / such as f.)

    ·

    variante morfològica
    morphological variant

    lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl
    lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl

    +

    additione

    vocale temàtica + -ndo (exèmplo: -a-ndo)
    thematic vowel + -ndo (example: -a-ndo)

    SN + V + SN (acc.)

    [ʦ]: <ts>, <t> + i + vocal


    En la sectione § 3.1:

    fondobottom

    non allòfono
    not allophone

    [ø]

    fondobottom

    allòfono menos reconoscíbile
    less recognizable phone

    [ɔ̃̃̃̃][go away]

    fondobottom

    allòfono plus reconoscíbile
    allophone plus recognizable

    [ə][a]

    fondobottom

    fonèmaphoneme

    /e//It is/


    En la sectione § 5.6:

    solineato

    síllaba aut vocale accentuata 5
    accented syllable or vowel 5

    cant-a-v-a-mos

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    highlight (in § 8.1)

    irregularitates que se vòlen exemplificare
    irregularities that are meant to be exemplified

    est-à-sis-to-s

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    highlight (in § 8.1)

    “irregularitates” pròprias de la conjugatione. Ved. § 5.2.

    dev-è-ndoit must be

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    highlight (in § 8.1)

    altras irregularitates, exemplificatas con altros vèrbos. Ved. § 5.4.
    other irregularities, exemplified by other verbs. Ved. § 5.4.

    tèn-e-stèn-es

    remarcato (en § 8.1)
    highlight (in § 8.1)

    vèrbo irregulare
    irregular verb

    èssereto be


    5 Cueste símbolo sèrve en cuesta òpera de advertimènto. Non forma parte de la ortografia propòsta. Ved. § 3.2.4.
    5 This symbol serves as a warning. It is not part of the proposed spelling. Ved. § 3.2.4.

    ÍndiceIndex

  2. SÒNOS ET ORTOGRAFÍA
    SOUNDS AND SPELLING

  1. 1. SÒNOS FUNDAMENTALES ET VARIANTES
    1. WE ARE FUNDAMENTALS AND VARIANTS

    Con la evolutione de lo latino ad lo romance, lo repertòrio de sònos ha cambiato, ha crescuto, et lo resultato èst divèrso en las distinctas varietates romànicas. Non obstante, la majoritate de sònos que hi son presèntes actualemente pòten essere integratos en lo sistèma neolatino como sònos fundamentales aut variantes soas, cuesto èst como fonèmas aut allòfonos.
    With the evolution of Latin to Romance, the repertoire of sounds has changed, has grown, and the result is diverse in the different Romance varieties. However, the majority of sounds that are currently present can be integrated into the Neo-Latin system as fundamental sounds or their variants, such as phonemes or allophones.


8 La ortografía neolatina pròva de evitare cueste tipo de lecturas erròneas, mais qualques son inevitàbiles. Ved. §
8 The Neo-Latin spelling tries to avoid this type of erroneous reading, but some are inevitable. Ved. §

3.2.2 et § 3.2.3.
3.2.2 and § 3.2.3.

9 Las abbreviaturas et símbolos pòten essere consultatas en § 2.2.
9 Abbreviations and symbols can be found in § 2.2.

3. 1. 1. VOCALES
3. 1. 1. VOWELS



VOCALESVOWELS

Lòco de articulatione
Place of articulation

ORALESORAL

AnterioresPrevious

CentralesCentral

PosterioresPosterior

Grado de apertura
Opening degree

ClausaClosed

/i/

[y][and]

[ɨ]



/u//in/

Quasi clausaAs if closed







Mèjja clausa
Better clause

/e//It is/

[ø]




/o//O/

MèjjaMeja



[ə][a]



Mèjja apèrtaHalf open

/ɛ/

[œ]




/ɔ/

Quasi apèrtaAlmost open



[ɐ]



Apèrtaopen

/a/




[ɑ]




VOCALESVOWELS

Lòco de articulatione
Place of articulation

NASALIZZATASNASALIZED

AnterioresPrevious

CentralesCentral

PosterioresPosterior

Grado de apertura
Opening degree

ClausaClosed

[ĩ][i]





[][ũ]

Quasi clausaAs if closed







Mèjja clausa
Better clause

[ẽ̃][ẽ̃]





[][He]

MèjjaMeja






Mèjja apèrtaHalf open

[ɛ̃̃][ẽ]

[œ̃̃]




[ɔ̃̃̃̃][go away]

Quasi apèrtaAlmost open



[ɐ̃̃]



Apèrtaopen





[ɑ̃̃]



La sequènte tabèlla presènta exèmplos de uso de cata sòno vocàlico:
The following table presents examples of use of each vowel sound:



NEO

PORBY

CAS

CAT

FRAFROM

ITASHE

RUM

ClausasClosed

[i]

[i]dolo f[i]lo[i]lo f[i]lo

/[i]lla 10

[i]dolo f[i]o

[e]la[and the

[i]dolo h[i]lo

[e]lla[she

[i]dol

f[i]l

[e]lla[she

[i]dole f[i]l

[e]lle[and] him

[i]dolo f[i]lo[i]lo f[i]lo

[e]lla[she

[i]dol

f[i]r

[e]a[it's at

[ĩ][i]

c[i]nque

c[ĩ]coc[ĩ]co

c[i]nco

c[i]nc

c[ɛ̃̃]qc[ẽ]q

c[i]nque

c[i]nci

[y][and]

[u]rna[urn

l[u]na

[u]rna[urn

l[u]a

[u]rna[urn

l[u]na

[u]rna 11[u]rn 11

ll[u]na12

[y]rne

l[y]ne

[u]rna[urn

l[u]na

[u]rnă[ballot box

l[u]nă

[ɨ]

13

rom[a]no

[e]n

* rom[ɐ̃̃]o

[ɐ]m

rom[a]no

[e]n

rom[a]

[ə]n[a]n

rom[ã]Rome]

[ɑ̃̃]

rom[a]no

[i]n

rom[ɨ]nroom[ɨ]n

[ɨ]n[ɨ] n

[u][in]

[u]rna[urn

l[u]na

/b[u]cca 14

[u]rna[urn

l[u]a

b[o]ca

[u]rna[urn

l[u]na

b[o]ca

[u]runa ll[u]na

b[o]ca

[y]rne

# l[u]ne b[u]che 15

[u]rna[urn

l[u]na

b[o]cca

[u]rnă[ballot box

l[u]

b[u]b[u]c

[ũ][ũ]

[u]no

[ũ][ũ]

[u]no

[u]n

[œ̃̃]

[u]no

[u]n


10 Variante de Neo. [e]lla. Cf. Sar. [i]dda.
10 Variant of Neo. [she. See Sar. [i]dda.

11 Occ. [y]rna

12 Occ. l[y]na

13 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 17), lo rumèno have [ɯ], non [ɨ].

14 Variante de Neo. b[o]cca.
14 Variants of Neo. mouth.

15 Anticamente, Fra. b[o]che.
15 Formerly, Fra. b[o]that.


Mèjjas

clausasclosed






[e][It is]

[e]lle n[e]gro[e]ll black

cant[a]re

[e]le n[e]gro
[is] the n[e]gro

cant[a]r

[e]l n[e]gro[e]ln[e]gro

cant[a]r

[e]ll

/n[e]gre/n[e]go

cant[a]r

[i]l

# n[e]gru 16

chant[e]r

[e]gli[they

n[e]ro

cant[a]re

[e]l n[e]gru

cânt[a]sing]

[ẽ̃][ẽ̃]

v[ɛ]ntov[e]nto

v[ẽ̃]toin[ẽ̃]to

v[ie]nto

v[e]nt

v[ɑ̃̃]in[ɑ̃̃]

v[ɛ]ntov[e]nto

v[ɨ]nt

[ø]

bòves p[aw]co

b[o]is p[o(w)]co

b[we]yes p[o]co

b[ɔ]us

p[ɔ]cp[o]c

b[ø]

p[ø]

bovi < nom.
cattle < nom.

p[ɔ]co

boi < nom.

-

[o][O]

[o]lmo

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[o]lmo

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[o]lmo

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[o]m

p[o]m

gn[o]m

[o]rme

* p[o]m

gn[o:]m

[o]lmo

p[o]mo

gn[o]mo

[u]lm

p[o]m

gn[o]m

[õ][He]

b[ɔ]nob[o]no

b[õ]like

b[we]no

b[ɔ]b[you]

b[ɔ̃̃̃̃]also]

b[wɔ]no
b[they] have it

b[u]n

MèjjaMeja

[ə][a]

/s[ə]pt[ə]mana

/fratr[ə] vacc[a]
/fratr[a] wacc[a]

s[ə]manato the sky

frad[ə] vac[ɐ]

s[e]manaweek

fradr[e] vac[a]
brother[e] vac[a]

s[ə]tmanato power

frar[ə] vac[ə]
frar[a] wac[a]

s[ə]maines[a]maine

  • frèr[ə]brother

  • vach[ə]vach[a]

s[e]tt[i]mana

frat[e] vacc[a]
brother[e] cow[a]

s[ə]pt[ə]mână

frat[e] vac[ə]17
frat[e] vac[e]17


Mèjjas

apèrtasopenings






[ɛ]

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[e]co

# f[ɛ]rro 18
# f[e]rror 18

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[e]cho

f[ɛ]rf[ε]r

[ɛ]co f[ɛ]rro

[e]cou

# f[ɛ]rru 19

[ɛ̃̃][ẽ]

c[i]nque

c[ĩ]coc[ĩ]co

c[i]nco

c[i]nc

c[ɛ̃̃]qc[ẽ]q

c[i]nque

c[i]nci

[œ]

j[o]vene [ɔ]vo
j[o]vene [free

j[ɔ]vem [o]vo

j[o]ven h[we]vo

j[o]vej[o]and

[ɔ]u[you]u

j[œ]neI[œ]ne

[œ]f

gi[o]vane [wɔ]vo
gi[o]vane [be] free

j[u]neI don't

[o]u

[œ̃̃]

[u]no

[ũ][ũ]

[u]no

[u]n

[œ̃̃]

[u]no

[u]n

[ɔ][o]

[ɔ]sso f[ɔ]rte
[your] so f[o]rte

[ɔ]sso f[ɔ]rte
[your] so f[o]rte

h[we]so

# f[ɔ]rte

[ɔ]s[he]s

f[ɔ]rt

[ɔ]s[he]s

f[ɔ]rt

[ɔ]sso f[ɔ]rte
[your] so f[o]rte

[o]s

# f[ɔ]rte 20

[ɔ̃̃̃̃][go away]

b[ɔ]nob[o]no

b[õ]like

b[we]no

b[ɔ]b[you]

b[ɔ̃̃̃̃]also]

b[wɔ]no
b[they] have it

b[u]n


QuasiAlmost

apèrtaopen






[ɐ]

b[a]nnîo

b[ɐ]nhob[ɐ]grape

b[a]ño

b[a]ny

b[ɛ̃̃]b[e]

b[a]gnobath

b[a]ie

[ɐ̃̃]

qu[a]ndo

qu[ɐ̃̃]do

cu[a]ndo

qu[a]nwhat[a]n

qu[ɑ̃̃]d

qu[a]ndo

c[ɨ]nd

ApèrtasOpenings

[a]

[a]rma v[a]cca

[a]rma

v[a]ca

[a]rma

v[a]ca

[a]rma

v[a]ca

[a]rme v[a]che

[a]rma v[a]cca

[a]rmă[weapon

v[a]Cow

[ɑ]

p[a]stapasta

p[a]stapasta

p[a]stapasta

p[a]stapasta

p[ɑ]tep[ɑ]p

p[a]stapasta

p[a]stăpaste

[ɑ̃̃]

qu[a]ndo

qu[ɐ̃̃]do

cu[a]ndo

qu[a]nwhat[a]n

qu[ɑ̃̃]d

qu[a]ndo

c[ɨ]nd


16 Actualemente, Fra. noir.
16 Currently, Fra. black.

17 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 17), lo rumèno have [ɤ], non [ə].

18 Actualemente, Cas. hierro.
18 Currently, Cas. iron.

19 Actualemente, Rum. fier.
19 News, Rum. iron.

20 La vocale [ɔ] fou lo passo intermèdio en la evolutione dès la ō longa et la ŏ brève latinas ad lo rumèno, que presènta actualemente diptongatione: Lat. SŌLE, MŎLA > Rum. soare, moară (Jensen 1999: 62).
20 The vowel [ɔ] was the intermediate step in the evolution from the long ō and the short Latin ŏ to Romanian, which currently has diphthongs: Lat. SÌLE , MÎLA > Rum. soare , moară (Jensen 1999: 62).

3. 1. 2. CONSONANTES
3. 1. 2. CONSONANTS




Lòco de articulatione
Place of articulation

CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

BilabialeBilabial

Labio- dentaleLip-dental

DentaleDental

AlveolareAlveolar

Post- alveolare

PalatalePalatal

Velare / Uvulare
Velar / Uvular

Glottale

Mòdo de articulatione
Mode of articulation

Nasale 21Nasal 21


/m/




/n/



/ɲ/



Occlusiva 22Occlusive 22

/p/

/b/


/t/

/d/




/k/

/g/


Affricata




/ʦ/

/ʣ/

/ʧ/

/ʤ/




FricativaFricative


/f/

/v//in/

/θ//th/

/s/

/z//With/

/ʃ/

[ʒ]


[x]

[ʁ]

[h]


Approximante


[β][b]


[ð] [d]



/j/


[ɣ]




[ɥ]23[ɥ] 23

/w/24

Ròtica símplice
Simple rhotic





/ɾ/





Ròtica múltiple
Multiple rhotics





/r/




[R]


LateraleLateral





/l/



/ʎ/




La sequènte tabèlla presènta exèmplos de uso de cata sòno consonàntico:
The following table presents examples of use of each consonant sound:


NEO

PORBY

CAS

CAT

FRAFROM

ITASHE

RUM

NasalesNasal

[m]

[m]are

[m]ar

[m]ar

[m]ar

[m]er

[m]are

[m]are

[n]

[n]òve

[n]ove

[n]ueve

[n]ou

[n]euf

[n]ove

[n]ouă[nine

[ɲ][x]

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲɲ]a ara[ɲɲ]a
[w]am! vi[ing]a [good]

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲ]a ara[ɲ]a
[w]am! vi[gn]a [r]a

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲ]a ara[ɲ]a
[w]am! vi[gn]a [r]a

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲ]a ara[ɲ]a
[w]am! vi[gn]a [r]a

-

[mj]am! vi[ɲ]e ara[ɲ]ée der.
[mj]am! vi[8]e ara[þ]ée der.

-

[ɲ]am! vi[ɲɲ]a ara[ɲɲ]a
[w]am! vi[ing]a [good]

-

[mi]am!

  • vi[ɲ]e

  • [ɲ]e ba[ɲ]

OcclusivasOcclusives

[p]

[p]ane

[p]ão[bread

[p]an

[p]a

[p]ain

[p]ane

[p]âine[bread

[b]

[b]ène[b]ene

[b]em

[b]ien[b] one

[b]é

[b]ien[b] one

[b]ene

[b]ine

[t]

[t]èmpo[time

[t]empo[time

[t]iempo[time

[t]emps[t] time

[t]emps[t] time

[t]empo[time

[t]imp

[d]

[d]olce

[d]oce

[d]ulce

[d]olç[d]olce

[d]oux

[d]olce

[d]ulce

[k]

[k]òrpo

[k]orpo[c]orphan

[k]uerpo

[k]os[person]

[k]orps

[k]orpo[c]orphan

[k]orp

[g]

[g]ola

[g]ola

[g]ola

[g]ola

[g]eule[g]owl

[g]ola

[g]ură[the mouth

Affricatas

[ʦ]

[ʦ]ar al[ʦ]are

[kz]ar

* al[ʦ]ar*al[ʦ]ar

[θ]ar[θ] on

* al[ʦ]ar*al[ʦ]ar

[ʦ]ar

* al[ʦ]ar*al[ʦ]ar

[ʦ]ar

* hau[ʦ]er* hauer[ʦ]er

[ʦ]ar al[ʦ]are

[ʦ]ar înăl[ʦ]a
[ʦ]ar high[ʦ]a

[ʣ]

[ʣ]èta 25 ver[ʣ]a pran[ʣ]o
[ʣ]èta 25 ver[ʣ]a taken[ʣ]o

vercon[ʣ]a

/[ʣ]eta/[ʣ]and

# ver[ʣ]a# see[ʣ]a

-

# vergon[ʣ]a

[ʣ]eta[ʣ] and

# ber[ʣ]a

-

# verguen[ʣ]a#shame[ʣ]a

[z]eta

-

-

vergo[ɲ]avergo[ɲ] a

[ʣ]êta

-

-

vergo[ɲ]e

[ʣ]eta ver[ʣ]a pran[ʣ]o

vergo[ɲɲ]a

[z]eta

# var[ʣ]ă prân[z]
# var[ʣ]lunch[z]

-


ra[tʦ]one

dó[deʧ]ehim[deʧ]e

# ra[ʣ]ão do[z]e

* ra[ʣ]ón do[s]e

* ra[ʣ]ó do[ʣ]e

  • rai[ʣ]on

  • dou[ʣ]e

ra[ʤ]one

do[diʧ]i

-


21 Pròpriamente, occlusiva nasale (cf. occlusiva orale). Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui allòfonos de los fonemas nasales como [ɱ, ŋ,...].
21 Properly, nasal occlusion (cf. oral occlusion). For simplicity, we do not analyze which allophones of nasal phonemes such as [ɱ, ŋ,...].

22 Pròpriamente, occlusiva orale (cf. occlusiva nasale).
22 Properly, oral plosive (cf. nasal plosive).

23 Labiopalatale

24 Labiovelare
24 Labiovelar

25 Nome de la léttera grèca <Ζ, ζ>. Por la léttera latina <Z, z> èst preferíbile la pronuntia [z]èta.
25 Name of the Greek letter <Ζ, ζ>. By the Latin letter the pronunciation [z]èta is preferable.

[ʧ]

[ʧ]èco

[ʧ]èlo[ʧ]tools

/[ʧ]eco [s]éu
/[ʧ]echo [s]é

[ʧ]eco [s]ielo
[ʧ]echo [s]sky

[ʧ]ec

[s]el[s]he

[ʧ]èque [s]iel

[ʧ]eco [ʧ]ielo
[ʧ]ity [ʧ]ielo

[ʧ]ec

[ʧ]er[ʧ] is

[ʤ]

[ʤ]èlo [ʤ]óvene herè[tic]o a[dʤ]utare
[ʤ]élo [ʤ]óvene herè[tic]oa[dʤ]utare

  • [ʤ]elo
    [ʤ] application

  • [ʤ]ovem[ʤ]ow

    heré[tic]oheretical

  • a[ʤ]udarto[ʤ]udar

* [j]elo [x]oven heré[tic]o
* [j]elo [x]oven here[tic]o

/a[ʤ]udar

26

/[ʤ]el

/[ʤ]ove here[ʤ]e

/a[ʤ]udar

  • [ʤ]el[ʤ]the

  • [ʤ]eune[ʤ]young

  • ere[ʤ]e a[j]der
    ere[ʤ]ea[j]der

[ʤ]elo [ʤ]ovane ere[tic]o a[dʤ]utare
[ʤ]elo [ʤ]ovane ere[tic]oa[dʤ]utare

[ʤ]er[ʤ] is

* [ʤ]une ere[tic] a[ʒ]uta


Fricativasfricatives

27






[f]

[f]òrte

[f]orte

[f]uerte[strong

[f]ort[f]fort

[f]ort[f]fort

[f]orte

[f]oarte[very

[v][in]

[v]ino

ha[v]ere

[v]inho[wine

ha[v]er

* [v]ino 28

ha[β]erha[β]s

/[v]i

/ha[v]er

[v]in

a[v]oirto have

[v]ino

a[v]ere

[v]in

a[v]ea

[θ][i]

[ʧ]èlo[ʧ]tools

[s]éu[his

* [θ]ielo* [θ]heaven

[s]el[s]he

[s]iel

[ʧ]ielo[ʧ]heaven

[ʧ]er[ʧ] is

[s]

[s]ale[with] but

[s]al

[s]al

[s]al

[s]el[s]he

[s]ale[with] but

[s]are

[z][With]

[z]ona 29[f]her 29

ba[z]ar

[z]ona[wife

ba[z]ar

[θ]ona[θ]she

ba[θ]ar

[z]ona[wife

ba[z]ar

[z]one

ba[z]ar

[ʣ]ona[ʣ]she

ba[dʣ]archildren

[z]onă[area

ba[z]ar


/ca[z]a 30

/espino[z]a
/hawthorn[z]a

/me[z]ura

/te[z]auro/the[z]gold

ca[z]a espinho[z]a me[z]ura
ca[z]a thorn[z]a me[z]ure

te[z]ouro

  • ca[z]a

  • espino[z]ahawthorn[z]a

  • me[z]ura

  • te[z]oro

ca[z]a espino[z]a me[z]ura
ca[z]a thorn[z]a me[z]ura

tre[z]or

che[z] lia. épineu[z]e me[z]ure
che[z] lia. thorn[z]e measure[z]

tré[z]or

ca[s]a 31 spino[s]a mi[z]ura
ca[s]a 31 spino[s]a me[z]ure

te[z]oro

ca[s]ă spino[s]ă mă[s]ura
house spino[s the measure

te[z]aur


26 En castellano antico, [ʤ] potería havere essuto uno allòfono de /ʒ/. Actualemente, [ʤ] ha reapparuto como pronuntia dialectale de /j/. En Paraguai, [ʤ] èst normale: a[ʤ]udar, ma[ʤ]o (distincto de ca[ʎ]e). En Colòmbita et altras zonas “yeístas” (onde /ʎ/ se confunde con /j/), una de las possíbiles realizzationes èst [ʤ]: [ʤ]o, a[ʤ]udar, [ʤ]over, a[ʤ]í. De altra parte, lo judèocastellano presènta [ʤ]ente (distincto de o[ʒ]o). Ved. Hualde (2014: 180, 299, 304) et Markič (2017).
26 In Old Spanish, [ʤ] could have been an allophone of /ʒ/. Currently, [ʤ] has reappeared as a dialectal pronunciation of /j/. In Paraguay, [ʤ] is normal: a [ʤ] udar , ma [ʤ] o (distinct from ca[ʎ]e). In Colombia and other "yeist" areas (where /ʎ/ is confused with /j/), one of the possible realizations is [ʤ]: [ʤ] o , to [ʤ] udar , [ʤ] over , to [ʤ ] in . On the other hand, Judeo-Castilian presents [ʤ] ente (distinct from o [ʒ] o ). Ved. Hualde (2014: 180, 299, 304) et Markič (2017).

27 Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui las divèrsas realizzationes de la [s].
27 For simplicity, we do not analyze who the various realizations of the [s]

28 Si bène la pronuntiatione majoritaria en castellano èst [b]ino (et mi [β]ino), en Amèrica se tròpa altrosí [v] en qualques parlantes, qualques sociolèctos (Argentina) aut de manaria generale (Cuba). Non se tracta de la conservatione de uno sòno castellano traditionale, mais de una ultracorrectione, ad imitatione de altras lenguas. Mòstra de cuesto èst que, en cuessas varietates, la distinctione entre /b/ et /v/ pròva de sequire la grafía castellana modèrna, que èst etimològica, et descontinúa la antica distinctione entre <v> et <b>. Donque, se pronuntia ha[β]er per que se escrive acora haber (con b como en latino) malgrado que en castellano antico se grafiava haver, cantava, etc., como los altros romances (ved. Isbăşescu 1970). En quanto ad la sòno representato per cuesta <v> en castellano antico, la opinione commune èst que èra [β], mais potería havere essuto [v] (ved. Batllori et al. 2009).
28 If the majority pronunciation in Castilian is [b] ino (et mi [β] ino ), in America it is found otherwise [v] in some speakers, some sociolects (Argentina) high of general manner (Cuba). It is not the preservation of a traditional Spanish sound, but an ultracorrection, in imitation of other languages. This shows that, in these varieties, the distinction between /b/ and /v/ tries to follow the modern Castilian spelling, which is etymological, and discontinues the ancient distinction between <v> and <b>. Therefore, it is pronounced ha [β] er so that it is written now haber (with b as in Latin) although in Old Castilian it was spelled have, sang , etc., like the other Romances (see Isbăşescu 1970). As for the sound represented by this <v> in Old Castilian, the common opinion is that it was [β], but could have been [v] (see Batllori et al. 2009).

29 En prèstetos de lo grèco (zona, zeta, zoo, etc.) et altras lenguas (bazar < Per bāzār; zèro < Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adaptatione de lo àrabo ṣifr; zebra, proveniènte de lo iberoromànico; etc.).
29 In loans from Greek (zone, zeta, zoo, etc.) and other languages ​​(bazar < Per bāzār; zero < Ita zero < Lat zephĭrum, adaptation of the Arabic ṣifr; zebra, coming from Ibero-Romance; etc.).

30 Variantes de Neo. ca[s]a, spino[s]a.
30 Neo Variants. ca[s]a, spino[s]a.

31 Como en rumèno et en italiano meridionale, la [s] intervocàlica latina se consèrva sorda altrosí en toscano. Los múltiples casos que de sonorizzatione exsisten en toscano (accu[z]are, ca[z]o, chie[z]a, u[z]o, u[z]o, etc.) se explican per influèntia norde-italiana (Patota 2002: 80-82).
31 As in Romanian and southern Italian, the Latin intervocalic [s] is preserved deaf otherwise in Tuscan. The multiple cases of sound that exist in Tuscan (accu[z]are, ca[z]o, chie[z]a, u[z]o, u[z]o, etc.) are explained by northern Italian influence (Patota 2002: 80-82).

[ʃ]

[ʃ]ou[ʃ]you

[ʃ]ow

[ʃ]ow

[ʃ]ou[ʃ]you

[ʃ]ow

[ʃ]ow

[ʃ]ow


cami[ʃ]a 32

cami[z]a

cami[s]a

cami[z]a

chemi[z]e

/cami[ʃ]a 34

căma[ʃ]ăshirt[ʃ]ă


ba[ʃʃ]are

bai[ʃ]ar

* ba[ʃ]ar

bai[ʃ]ar

bai[s]ermeringue

va[ʃʃ]are 35

-


engra[ʃʃ]arenone[ʃʃ]are

engrai[ʃ]ar

-

engrei[ʃ]ar

engrai[s]er

-

îngră[ʃ]afat[ʃ]a


ve[ʃʃ]icaand[ʃʃ]ica

be[ʃ]iga

* ve[ʃ]iga* and[ʃ]iga

ve[ʃ]igaand[ʃ]iga

ve[s]ie

ve[ʃʃ]icaand[ʃʃ]ica

[ʃ]icăba[ʃ]ica


/pe[ʃʃ]e 33

pei[ʃ]e

pe[θ]pe[th]

pe[ʃ]that [ʃ]

poi[s]on der.

pe[ʃʃ]eon[ʃʃ]e

pe[ʃt]eon[ʃt]e


to[kk]are

to[k]ar

to[k]ar

to[k]ar

tou[ʃ]er

to[kk]are

to[k]a

[ʒ]

/[ʒ]óvene 36

[ʒ]ovem[ʒ]I know

* [ʒ]oven

[ʒ]ove[ʒ] these

[ʒ]eune[ʒ]young

[ʤ]ovane[ʤ]vane

[ʒ]une[ʒ]a

[x]

[ʤ]óvene ta[ʎʎ]are

[ʒ]ovem ta[ʎ]ar

[x]oven ta[x]ar

[ʒ]ove ta[ʎ]ar

[ʒ]eune ta[j]er

[ʤ]ovane ta[ʎʎ]are

[ʒ]une[ʒ]a

tă[j]acut it

[ʁ]

/[ʁ]a/ter[ʁ]a

/te[ʁ]a

tie[r]a

te[r]ayou[r]a

te[R]ethe[R]e

te[r]ayou[r]a

ţa[ɾ]ă

[h]

/[h]iena

[ ]iena[ ]hyena

[ ]iena[ ]hyena

[ ]iena[ ]hyena

[ ]yène[ ]yen

ienahyena

[h]iena

Approximantes

[β][b]


[ð][d]

/[β]ico 37/cú [β]ic 37

ri[p]a

/ca[ð]uco 38

mu[t]are

eur. [β]ico eur. ri[β]a eur. ca[ð]uco
euros. cú [β]ico eur. ri[β]a eur. ca[ð]uco

eur. mu[ð]dar
eur. mu[ð]dar

[β]ico ri[β]a ca[ð]uco
cu [β]ico ri[β]a ca[ð]uco

mu[ð]dar

[β]ic ri[β]a ca[ð]uc

mu[ð]dar

cu [b]ique # ri[β]e ca[d]uc
with [b]ique # ri[β]e ca[d]uc

# mu[ð]er

cu [b]ico ri[p]a ca[d]uco

mu[t]are

cu [b]ic râ[p]ă ca[d]uc
with [b]ic ravine ca[d]uc

mu[t]a

[j]

[j]òga[j] young

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga

[j]oga


coff[j]amemory[j]a

co[j]fa

cof[j]a

còfiacoffee

* co[j]ffe

cuff[j]a

co[j]f


cavallar[j]o

cavale[j]ro

caballerogentleman

cavallergentleman

cheval[j]erhorse

cavalla[j]omare[j]o

călareon horseback


/ma[j]o 39

ma[j]om[j]o

ma[j]om[j]o

ma[ʧ]has [ʧ]

m[ɛ]

ma[dʤ]oin[dʤ]o

ma[j]


m[ɛ]lem[e]l

m[ɛ]lm[ε]l

m[j]el

m[ɛ]lm[ε]l

m[j]el

m[j]ele

m[j]ere

[ɥ]

n[ɔ]cten[o]cte

n[o]ite

n[o]chen[o]that

n[ ]it

n[ɥ]it

n[ɔ]tten[o]tte

n[oa]pte

[ɣ]

/casti[ɣ]are 40

se[k]uro

eur. casti[ɣ]ar
hour. casti[ɣ]ar

eur. se[ɣ]uro
euros. se[ɣ]uro

casti[ɣ]ar se[ɣ]uro

casti[ɣ]gar se[ɣ]ur

# châti[ɣ]er#châti[ɣ]er

# se[ɣ]uro# se[ɣ]hour

casti[g]are si[k]uro

câşti[g]awin

si[g]ur

[w][In]

[w]ischi aq[w]a

[ɔ]vo[your]vo

[w]isky ág[w]a

[ɔ]vo[your]vo

/[w]isky ag[w]a

[we]vo

[w]isky aig[w]a

[ɔ]u[you]u

[w]isky [o]

* [we]f

[w]isky acq[w]a

[wɔ]vo
[they] are free

[w]isky ap[ ]ă

[o]u


32 En paraulas latinas como CAMISIAM aut BASIARE, la pronuntia de la sequèntia [si] + vocale deveniu en latino vulgare [sj] (cuesto èst, [s] + iòd). Posterioremente, lo sòno [s] fou palatalizzato per la iòd sequènte en toto lo romance, producèndo una [ʃ] palatale en una parte de lo romance orientale (toscano et rumèno) et una [sj] palatalizzata en la parte restante de lo romance. De cuestas doas variantes, solamente [ʃ] se consèrva, ja que [sj] despalatalizzau, sene laxare rastro en lo italiano meridionale et en sardo (Sar. basare) mais laxando, en lo romance occidentale, una nòva iòd ante la consontante, iòd se consèrva en occasiones (Por. beijar, Occ. baisar, Fra. baiser) et en altras ha desparuto, fusionando-se con la vocale precedènte (Por., Cas., Cat. camisa, Fra. chemise) au modificando-la (Cas. besar, Cat. besar). Lo neolatino presènta [ʃ]. (Lausberg. 1965: 390)
32 In Latin words such as CAMISIAM aut BASIARE , the pronunciation of the sequence [si] + vowel became in vulgar Latin [sj] (this is, [s] + iodine). Later, the sound [s] was palatalized by the following iodine throughout Romance, producing a palatal [ʃ] in a part of Eastern Romance (Tuscan and Romanian) and a palatalized [s j ] in the remaining part of Romance . Of these two variants, only [ʃ] is preserved, since [s j ] is depalatalized, without leaving a trace in southern Italian and Sardinian ( Sar. basare ) but leaving, in Western Romance, a new iodine before the consonant, iodine is preserved in occasions ( Por. beijar , Occ. baisar , French baiser ) and in others has disappeared, merging with the preceding vowel ( Por., Cas., Cat. camisa , French chemise ) when modifying it ( Cas. large , Cat. large ). Neo-Latin presents [ʃ]. (Lausberg. 1965: 390)

33 Variante de Neo. pe[sʧ]e.
33 variants of Neo. on[sʧ]e.

34 En toscano, la pronuntiatione traditionale èst cami[ʃ]a et, coherèntemente, la escriptura antica èra <camiscia>. En cambio, lo italiano stàndarde presènta cami[ʧ]a, per influèntia de la grafía <camicia>, que imita la grafía latinizzante de vicino (altrosí pronuntiato con [ʃ] en toscano). (Lausberg. 1965: 391)
34 In Tuscan, the traditional pronunciation is cami [ʃ] and , coherently, the ancient writing was < camiscia >. However, standard Italian presents cami [ʧ] to , under the influence of the spelling <camicia>, which imitates the Latinizing spelling of vicino (otherwise pronounced with [ʃ] in Tuscan). (Lausberg. 1965: 391)

35 Cuesta paraula non exsiste en italiano stàndarde, mais se consèrva en las varietates meridionales con la pronuntiatione [ʃʃ], que èst la solutione pròpria de lo stàndarde por la sequèntia latina [ssj] (como en Lat. *PRESSIA,
35 This word does not exist in standard Italian, but is preserved in the southern varieties with the pronunciation [ʃʃ], which is the proper solution of the standard for the Latin sequence [ssj] (as in Lat. * PRESSIA ,

*REVESSIARE > Ita. pre[ʃʃ]a, rove[ʃʃ]are).
*REVESSIARE > Ita. pre[ʃʃ]a, rove[ʃʃ]are).

36 Variante de Neo. [ʤ]óvene.
36 Neo variant. [ʤ]young.

37 Variante de Neo. [b]ico.
37 Variant of Neo. cu[b]ic.

38 Variante de Neo. ca[d]uco.
38 Variant of Neo. ca[d]uco.

39 Variante de Neo. ma[dʤ]o.
39 Variant of Neo. ma[dʤ]o.

40 Variante de Neo. casti[g]are.

RòticasRhotics

[ɾ]


[r]

[ɾ]òta[ɾ] enemy

ho[ɾ]a

[r]athe earth

/[r]òta 42/[r]ota 42

[r]oda[bight

ho[ɾ]a

/te[r]a

[r]oda[bight

[r]ueda ho[ɾ]a tie[r]a

[r]ueda

[r]oda[bight

ho[ɾ]a

te[r]ayou[r]a

[r]oda[bight

  • [ɾ]oue[ɾ]old

  • heu[ɾ]e

  • te[r]ethe[r]e

[R]oue

[ɾ]uota o[ɾ]a
[ɾ]uota or [ɾ]a

te[r]ayou[r]a

[ɾ]uota[ɾ]

[ɾ]oată 41[ɾ]here 41

o[ɾ]aor[ɾ]a

# te[ɾ]a 43

[ɾ]oată[ɾ] here

[R]

ho[ɾ]a

/[R]a/ter[R]a

ho[ɾ]a

te[R]ayou[R]a

ho[ɾ]a tie[r]a

ho[ɾ]a

te[r]ayou[r]a

heu[R]e te[R]e

o[ɾ]aor[ɾ]a

te[r]ayou[r]a

o[ɾ]aor[ɾ]a

ţa[ɾ]ă

Laterales 44Sides 44

[l]


[ʎ]

[l]acte a[l]a
[the] act a[l]a

[ʎ]ama fi[ʎʎ]a mo[ʎʎ]are

va[ll]eValley

[l]eite a[l]a
[l]eight a[l]a

/[ʎ]ama fi[ʎ]a mo[ʎ]ar

va[l]evalley

[l]eche a[l]a

/[ʎ]ama/[ʎ]but

  • hi[ʎ]a

  • mo[ʎ]ar

/va[ʎ]e

[ʎ]et[ʎ]and

a[l]a

[ʎ]ama[ʎ]but

fi[ʎ]a mu[ʎ]ar

va[ʎ]and[ʎ]

[l]ait[milk

ai[l]eyou have

[l]ama[lama

  • fi[ʎ]e

  • moui[ʎ]er

va[l]

[l]atte a[l]a

[l]ama fi[ʎʎ]a

-

va[ll]eValley

[l]apte[l]apt

a[l]ăthat

[l]ama[lama

  • fi[ʎ]e

  • mu[ʎ]a

va[l]evalley


Palatalizzatione
Palatalization

[j]

lop[os] < acc.
lop[os] < acc.

/lop[i] < nom.

lob[os]praise[os]

-

lob[os]praise[os]

-

llop[s]wolf[s]

-

loup[s]wolf[s]

-

-

lup[i]
magnifying glass[i]

-

lup[j] 45


3. 2. ORTOGRAFÍA
‌3. 2. SPELLING

3. 2. 1. ABECEDARIO
3. 2. 1. ALPHABET

Lo neolatino, como las lenguas romànicas, usa lo alfabèto latino. Consiste en lo abecedario romano traditionale (<A, B, C, D, E,...>) ampliato con las nòvas létteras <J, U, W> et las grècas <Y, Z>, tanto majúsculas quanto minúsculas. La sequènte tabèlla presènta los soos nomes:
Neo-Latin, like the Romance languages, uses the Latin alphabet. It consists of the traditional Roman alphabet (<A, B, C, D, E,...>) expanded with the new letters <J, U, W> and the Greek <Y, Z>, both uppercase and lowercase. The following table presents their names:


LÉTTERALIGHTEN UP

NOME(S)NAME(S)

A, a

a

[a]



B, b

be

[be]



C, c

ceThis

[ʧe]



D, d

deof

[de][of]



E, eAnd and

eIt is

[e][It is]



F, f

èffeeff

['ɛffe]['ɛffe]

fe

[fe]

G, g

ge

[ʤe]

gheboat

[ge]

H, h

haccapilgrimage

['akka]['as]



I, i

i

[i]



J, jNot a word

i lòngaI love him

[i 'lɔŋga][i'lɔŋga]

jotawhom

['ʤota]['ʤota]


41 Secondo Lamuela (2006: 9), lo rumèno have solo (et sèmpre) [r] (vibrante).
41 According to Lamuela (2006: 9), Romanian have solo (et always) [r] (vibrant).

42 Variante de Neo. [ɾ]òta.
42 Variants of Neo. [ɾ]ota.

43 Actualemente, Rum. ţa[ɾ]ă.
43 News, Rum. ţa[ɾ]ă.

44 Per simplicitate, non analisamos cui los divèrsos allòfonos de los fonemas laterales.
44 For simplicity, we do not analyze who the various allophones of the lateral phonemes.

45 Anticamente èra la vocale [i]. Actualemente non èst ja uno sòno independènte, mais la palatalizzatione de la consonante “anteriore”.
45 In ancient times it was the vowel [i]. Currently there is no independent sound, but rather the palatalisation of the "front" consonant.

K, k

cathat

[ka][the]

cappacooker hood

['kappa]

L, l

èlleshe

['ɛlle]['ɛlle]

lethe

[le][the]

M, m

èmmewoman

['ɛmme]['emme]

me

[me]

N, n

ènne

['ɛnne]['accent]

neit is

[ne][is]

O, o

oO

[o][O]



P, p

peon

[pe][on]



Q, q

cuwith

[ku][to]

cheThat

[ke][the]

R, r

èrreerr

['ɛre]['ɛre]

re

[re]

S, s

èsseto be

['ɛsse]['ɛsse]

sewith

[se][with]

T, t

tethe

[te][the]



U, uIn, in

uin

[u][in]



V, v

ve

[ve]



W, w

ve dople

[ve 'dople]

dople ve

[dople 've]

X, x

ics

[iks]



Y, yAnd, and

i grècathe Greek

[i 'gɾɛka]

ípsilon

['ipsilon]['upsilon]

Z, z

zètazeta

['zɛta]['zɛta]


['ʣɛta]['ʣeta]


Las létteras <k>, <w>, <y> et <z> son usatas, principalmente, en tecnicismos de uso internationale et en prèstetos estrangèros non romanizzatos.
The letters , , et they are used, mainly, in techniques of international use and in non-Romanized foreign loans.


  1. 2. 2. MÚLTIPLES ORTOGRAFÍAS ROMÀNICAS
    2. 2. MULTIPLE ROMAN SPELLINGS

    Las ortografías romànicas non solamente coinciden en lo uso de lo alfabèto latino46, mais altrosí en la voluntate de continuare la traditione gràfica latina. Per cuesto, paraulas como campo, cera, civetate, coppa et curare se escriven, en totas las lenguas romànicas, con <c> (cf. Lat. CAMPUM, CERAM, CIVITATEM, CUPPAM, CURARE) malgrado havere en romance pronuntiationes divèrsas dependèndo de la vocale sequènte: a, o, u vs. e, i (en latino, en cambio, sèmpre [k])47.
    The Romance spellings not only coincide in the use of the Latin alphabet 46 , but also in the will to continue the Latin graphic tradition. Therefore, words such as field , wax , civetate , cup and curare are written, in all Romance languages, with <c> (cf. Lat. CAMPUM , CERAM , CIVITATEM , CUPPAM , CURARE ) despite having in Romance various pronunciations depending the following vowel: a, o, u vs. and, and (in Latin, on the other hand, always [k]) 47 .

    Non obstante, en altros detallîos las ortografías romànicas non presèntan cuesta unanimitate. Hi ha múltiples differèntias, que en parte son lo resultato de divergèntias evolutivas en las structuras de las lenguas mesmas. Mais en parte hi èst altrosí arbitrarietate. Et cuesto pone dilèmmas en la codificatione de lo nelatino, como los sequèntes:
    However, in other details the Romance spellings do not present this unanimity. There are multiple differences, which are partly the result of evolutionary divergences in the structures of the languages ​​themselves. But in part there is otherwise arbitrariness. This poses dilemmas in the codification of Latin, such as the following:

LATINO

POR.BY.

CAS.

CAT.

FRA.FROM.

ITA.SHE.

RUM.

ECCUM HIC, ECCE HIC
HERE HERE, HERE HERE

aquíhere

aquíhere

aquí, acíhere, here


ciThere

quiWho


aci

HABERETO HAVE

haverto have

haberto have

haverto have

avoirto have

avere, ho, ha
have, have, has

aveahave

HEDERAMivy

hera

hiedraivy

heuraivy

lierreivy

ederaivy

iederăivy


48 Por [ɛ, ɔ] en italiano foron propòstas las létteras grècas <ɛ, ω> per lo humanista Gian Giorgio Trissino, en la soa Ɛpistola del Trissinω de le lettere nuωvamente aggiunte ne la lingua Italiana. Non obstante, ad differèntia de altras propòstas soas, cuesta non fou sequita. En cambio, posterioremente lo Alfabèto Fonètico Internationale adoptau
48 For [ɛ, ɔ] in Italian were proposed the Greek letters <ɛ, ω> by the humanist Gian Giorgio Trissino, in his Epistle of the Trissinω of the letter newly added to the Italian language . However, unlike his other proposals, this one was not pursued. Instead, the International Phonetic Alphabet was later adopted

<ɛ> per [ɛ].<e> per [e]

49 En arumèno se usan los dígrafos <nj> et <lj> por los sònos [ɲ, ʎ]. En italiano, <lj> por [ʎ] (per exèmplo, en volja, normalemente grafiato voglia) fou una altra de las innovationes propòstas per Trissino.
49 In Armenian the digraphs <nj> and <lj> are used for the sounds [nyj, ʎ] In Italian, <lj> for [ʎ] (for example, in volja , normally spelled voglia ) was another of the innovations proposed by Trissino.

HORAMHOUR

horahour

horahour

horahour

heurehour

orano

oarătime

HOSPITEMGUESTS

hospedeguest

huéspedGuest

hostecough

hôtehost

ospiteguest

oaspeteguest

HOMINEM, HOMOMAN, MAN

homemman

hombreman

home

homme, onman, we


uomoman


omabout

HOC DIE

hojetoday

h

oyLtd

avui, huitoday, today

huitoday

oggiToday

azitoday

HERBAMHERB

ervaherb

h

ierba, yerba

herbaherbs

herbetart

erbafour

iarbăGrass

HERIHAPPY

(eire)

ayeryesterday

ahiryesterday

hierhere

ieriYesterday

ieriYesterday

HIBERNUMIreland

invernowinter

inviernowinter

hivernwinter

hiverwinter

invernowinter

iarnăWinter

100 %

60 %

65 %

85 %

70 %

5 %

0 %


Como se vede, catalano et francese son las lenguas que plus haccas mutas presèntan en lo vocabulario hereditario, castellano et portughese ne han qualques menos, italiano pauchíssimas (solamente onde la léttera èst útile por distinguere homòfonos: o, ho ; a, ha ), et lo rumèno necuna50. Los resultatos son semelantes en lo vocabulario prestato grecolatino51, mais cui lo rumèno presènta uno 50 % de haccas (sonantes) et lo italiano prescinde de cuesta léttera complètamente.
As can be seen, Catalan and French are the languages ​​that have more silent Haccas in the hereditary vocabulary, Spanish and Portuguese have some less, Italian very few (only where the letter is useful to distinguish homophones: o, ho ; a, ha ), and the Romanian no 50 . The results are similar in the Greco-Latin borrowed vocabulary 51 , but in which Romanian has 50% of haccas (sonants) and Italian lacks this letter completely.

De una altra parte, altrosí los usarios han preferèntias gràficas divèrsas. Entre las personas interessatas ad la communicatione pan- et interlatina, qualques aman las grafías etimològicas (typo, theatro, etc.), que recòrdan lo latino et lo grèco, altras, en cambio, sostènen una ortografía fonèmica, plus regulare, que prescinde de anticas distinctiones que ja non son relevantes en la pronuntiatione actuale (tipo, teatro, etc.).
On the other hand, other users have different graphic preferences. Among the people interested in pan- and inter-Latin communication, some love the etymological spellings ( typo, theatro , etc.), which recall Latin and Greek, others, however, support a phonemic spelling, more regular, which dispenses with old distinctions that are no longer relevant in the current pronunciation ( type, theater, etc.).


  1. 2. 3. UNA ORTOGRAFÍA NEOLATINA INTUITIVA ET FLEXÍBILE
    two. 3. AN INTUITIVE AND FLEXIBILE NEOLATINE SPELLING

    Havèndo cònto de la pluralitate exsistènte en matèria de ortografía (ved. § 3.2.2), non mancata de arbitrarietate, Vía Neolatina propone por lo neolatino uno sistèma de escriptura que pòte essere descripto, de manaria summaria, con los sequèntes qualificativos. Èst (aut pròva de essere) màximamente
    Taking into account the plurality existing in the field of spelling (see § 3.2.2), not without arbitrariness, Vía Neolatina proposes for Neolatin a system of writing that can be described, in a summary way, with the following qualifiers. This (high probability of being) maximally

Cuestas doas características aut tractos de la ortografia (flexibilitate et intuibilitate) corresponden ad los doos objectivos de la codificatione de Vía Neolatina (ved. § 4.2 de Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino): Desveloppare uno modèllo linguístico con
These two characteristics of the spelling (flexibility and intuition) correspond to the two objectives of the codification of the Neolatin Way (see § 4.2 of Design Principles of the Neolatin Romance): Develop a linguistic model with

  1. MÀXIMO POTENTIALE DE ACCEPTATIONE;
    MAXIMUM POTENTIAL FOR ACCEPTANCE;

  2. MÀXIMO VALORE COMMUNICATIVO.


    50 Lo rumèno, de facto, non pòte usare <h> como léttera muta perqué, en cuesta lengua, lo sòno /h/ exsiste en prèstetos de altras lenguas (et, como consequèntia, altrosí prèstetos latinos).
    50 The Romanian, de facto, cannot use as a mute letter because, in this language, the sound /h/ exists in loans from other languages ​​(and, as a consequence, other Latin loans).

    51 Fra. 95 %, Cat. 70 %, Por. 70 % Cas. 50 %, Rum. 50 %, Ita. 0 %. Son los resultatos de 10 prèstetos grecolatinos con
    51 Fr. 95 %, Cat. 70 %, Por. 70 % Case. 50 %, Rum. 50 %, You. 0 %. These are the results of 10 Greco-Latin loans with

    <h>: ABHORRERE, PROHIBERE, ADHAERENTEM, HUMANITATEM, HYPOCONDRIAM, HYPOTHECAM, HARMONIAM, HELENA, HIEROGLYPHIKÁ
    : AVOID, FORBIDDEN, ADHERENT, HUMANITY, HYPOCONDRY, HYPOTHESIS, HARMONY, HELEN, HIEROGLYPHIKÁ

    (gr.), HYACINTHUM. Una mòstra majjore possíbilemente reducería lo resultato portughese, ja que cui <h> non exsiste en casos como Por. anelar, inabitável.
    (gr.), HYACINTHUM. A major example would possibly reduce the Portuguese result, as I took care does not exist in cases like Por. ring, uninhabitable.

    UNA ORTOGRAFÍA INTUITIVA:
    AN INTUITIVE SPELLING:

    De una parte, la ortografía propòsta por lo neolatino pròva de essere màximamente intuitiva, de manaria que permetta ad los usuarios non solamente identificare las paraulas (en lo caso de los usuarios romanòfonos) mais altrosí pronuntiare-las bène. Cuesto se cèrca havèndo cònto de múltiples critèrios: la lògica de los procèssos fonològicos que producen los sònos, la precisione gràfica, las formas et usos majoritarios en las lenguas romànicas, etc. Ecco qualques exèmplos:
    On the one hand, the spelling proposed by Neo-Latin proves to be maximally intuitive, so that it allows users not only to identify the words (in the case of Romance-speaking users) but also to pronounce them well. This is sought taking into account multiple criteria: the logic of the phonological processes that produce the sounds, the graphic precision, the majority forms and uses in the Romance languages, etc. Here are some examples:

    Grafía de los sònos palatales
    Spelling of palatal sounds

    Uno exèmplo de grafía intuitiva èst la de los sònos palatales, que non exsistevan en latino. Como se ha visto plus en alto, por representare lo sòno [ɲ] las lenguas romànicas usan de una parte <nh> et de altra <ñ / gn / ny>. La prima grafía non ha una base fonètica: lo sòno [h] non palatalizza una consonante precedènte. Como resultato, qui non conosce la conventione non pòte pronuntiare, intuitivamente, lo sòno, ne approximare-se ad elle. Cuesto non convène en neolatino.
    An example of intuitive spelling is that of palatal sounds, which did not exist in Latin. As has been seen above, to represent the sound [nyj] the Romance languages ​​use on the one hand <nh> and on the other <ñ / gn / ny>. The first spelling does not have a phonetic basis: the sound [h] does not palatalize a previous consonant. As a result, those who do not know the convention cannot pronounce, intuitively, the sound, or approach it. This does not fit in Neolatin.

    Las altras grafías sí han una base fonètica, conveniènte en neolatino. De las tres optiones,
    The other spellings do have a phonetic basis, suitable in Neo-Latin. Of the three options,

    <ny> èst la plus adequata, ja que se basa en la sequèntia [nj], que èst lo orígine de [ɲ] en plus lenguas romànicas, èst lo único orígine de lo sòno en neolatino et èst altrosí la sequèntia plus pròxima fonèticamente ad [ɲ] ([sɔnnjo] èst una bòna approximatione ad [sɔɲɲo]). De facto, èst frequènte en la pronuntiatione de parlantes estrangèros52.
    <ny> is the most appropriate, since it is based on the sequence [nj], which is the origin of [nyj] in more Romance languages, is the only origin of the sound in Neolatin and is otherwise the sequence closest phonetically to [nyj] ([sōnnjo] is a good approximation to [sōnnjo]). In fact, it is frequent in the pronunciation of foreign speakers 52 .

    Non obstante, la nota <y> non se usa por altros sònos palatales (non exsisten los dígrafos <ly, cy, gy, sy> por los sònos [ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʃ]53). Como nota palatalizzante, en romance èst plus usata la léttera <i>: en <gli> (Ita. foglia), <ill> (Fra. mouiller ant. [ʎ]); <ci> (Ita. crociare, Rum. crucia); <gi> (Ita. gioco, Rum. giuvaier); <sci> (Ita. sciame). Et la vocale i, como altrosí e 54, palatalizzan qualques consonantes en pràcticamente totas las lenguas romànicas: ci, gi (vs. ca, ga). En plus, los dígrafos con <y> non son etimològicos (Lat. SOMNIUM, FOLIAM, MOLLIARE havevan <i>). Per toto cuesto, Vía Neolatina propone lo uso de la nota <i>.
    However, the note <y> is not used for other palatal sounds (there are no digraphs <ly, cy, gy, sy> for the sounds [ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʃ] 53 ). As a palatalizing note, in Romance the letter <i> is more used: in <gli> ( Italian foglia ), <ill> ( French mouiller ant. [ʎ]); <ci> ( Ita. crociare , Rum. crucia ); <gi> ( Ita. game , Rum. juvaier ); <sci> ( Ita. swarm ). And the vowel i , like others and 54 , palatalize some consonants in practically all Romance languages: ci , gi (vs. ca, ga ). In addition, digraphs with <y> are not etymological ( Lat. SOMNIUM , FOLIAM , MOLLIARE had <i>). However, Vía Neolatina proposes the use of the note <i>.

    Non obstante, besonnîa distinguere de qualque manaria cuessas paraulas de los moltos prèstetos latinos que consèrvan lo sòno [i] sene palatalizzare la consonante precedènte. Vía Neolatina propone lo uso de uno accènto circumflèxo:
    However, it is necessary to distinguish in some way these words from the many Latin loans that preserve the sound [i] without palatalizing the previous consonant. Vía Neolatina proposes the use of a circumflex accent:

    SÒNO NON PALATALIZZATO
    I AM NOT PALATALIZED

    SÒNO PALATALIZZATO
    I AM PALATALIZED

    dicènniodecade

    sònnîodream

    rebellionerebellion

    mollîaremolliare

    edificiobuilding

    crocîarecruise

    religionereligion

    fugîafugia

    visionevision

    camisîamosque


    La functionte de lo circumflèxo en neolatino pòte essere fàcilemente induita per la majoritate de romanòfonos que conoscen cuessos sònos en loros lenguas. Et si se ignora lo signo, lo resultato son ancora sequèntias molto semelantes ad lo sòno desejjato. En qualonque caso, la ajjunctione de cueste signo diacrítico èst la mínima innovatione que permette havere en
    The function of the circumflex in Neo-Latin can be easily induced by the majority of Romance-speakers who know sounds in their languages. And if the sign is ignored, the result is still sequences very similar to the desired sound. In any case, the addition of this diacritical mark is the least innovation that allows to have in


    52 Altrosí en sardo, romance sene [ʎ, ɲ], los prèstetos italianos con cuessos sònos son adaptatos en sardo campidanese como [llj, nnj] (con la variante [ʎ, ɲ]): Sardìnnia [nnj / ɲ], màllia [llj / ʎ].
    52 Alternatively in Sardinian, romance sene [ʎ, nyj], the Italian loanwords with cuessos sonos are adapted in Sardinian campidanese as [llj, nnj] (with the variant [ʎ, nyj]): Sardinia [nnj / nyj], màllia [ llj / ʎ].

    53 En catalano antico, <yl>.
    53 In ancient Catalan, .

    54 En francese et rumèno, la e functiona altrosí de nota palatalizzante: Fra. je mangeais; Rum. ceapa, geam.
    54 In French and Romanian, the e functions otherwise as a palatalizing note: Fra. you eat ice cream; Room. quick, geam.

    neolatino una grafía màximamente conveniènte secondo los múltiples critèrios de codificatione. Et èst necessitata raramente.
    neolatino a maximally convenient script according to the multiple criteria of codificatione. It is rarely needed.


    Geminationes consonànticas per iòd
    Consonantal twinning by iod

    Lo romance presènta consonantes doples heredetatas de lo latino (Lat. VACCAM, ILLAM > Neo. vacca, ella) et altras nòvas. Entre cuestas, destacca lo gruppo de consonantes doples originatas per una [j], como en Lat. PLATĔAM, PŬTĔUM > Lat. vul. PLAT[j]A, PŬT[j]U > Romance pla[tʦ]a, po[tʦ]o. En cuestos casos, Vía Neolatina recommanda representare gràficamente la duplicatione en neolatino, como face generalemente lo italiano:
    Romance presents double consonants inherited from Latin ( Lat. VACCAM , ILLAM > Neo. vacca, ella ) and other new ones. Between these, it highlights the group of double consonants originated by a [j], as in Lat. PLATĔAM , PŬTēUM > Lat. vol. PLAT [j] A , PŬT [j] U > Romance pla [tʦ] a , po [tʦ] o . In these cases, Vía Neolatina recommends graphically representing the duplication in Neolatin, as Italian usually does:

    LAT.YEARS.

    NEO.

    ITA.SHE.

    SÒNOI AM

    FACĬAM

    faccîaface

    facciaface

    [tʧ]

    CORRIGĬAMCORRECT

    correggîa

    correggiastrap

    [dʤ]

    HODĬE

    hòjjehójje

    oggiToday

    [dʤ]

    FILĬAM

    fillîafillia

    figliaDaughter

    [ʎʎ]

    PINĔAM

    pinnîapinnia

    pignapine cone

    [ɲɲ]

    PLATĔAM

    plattsaflatten

    piazzasquare

    [tʦ]


    En realitate, la duplicatione gràfica de [ʎʎ] aut [ɲɲ] non èst strictamente necessaria, ja que cuestos sònos son sèmpre doples en positione intervocàlica. Lo italiano, de facto, non escrive figglia piggna. Non obstante, en qualonque caso besonnîa distinguere entre las doples [tʧ, dʤ] (en faccîa, correggîa) et las símplices [ʧ, ʤ] (en crocîare, fugîa, de croce, fugere). Donque, per sistematicitate et por evitare confusiones, èst conveniènte escrivere altrosí doples [ʎʎ, ɲɲ, tʦ], cosí como [dʤ] en casos como hòjje. La grafía dople evita exceptiones et èst intuitiva. En plus, hi ha qualques casos de [ʎ] aut [ɲ] símplices en neolatino en positione initiale (como lîama aut nîam).
    In fact, the graphic duplication of [ʎʎ] aut [nyjnyj] is not strictly necessary, since these sounds are always double in intervocalic position. Italian, in fact, does not write figglia or piggna . However, in any case it is necessary to distinguish between the double [tʧ, dʤ] (in faccîa, correggîa ) and the simple [ʧ, ʤ] (in crocîare, fugîa , de croce, fugere ). Therefore, for systematicity and to avoid confusions, it is convenient to write otherwise double [ʎʎ, nyjyń, tʦ], as well as [dʤ] in cases such as hòjje . The double spelling avoids exceptions and is intuitive. In addition, there are some cases of simple [ʎ] aut [nyj] in Neolatin in initial position (such as lîama aut nîam ).

    Equalemente, convène escrivere con grafía dople lo sufixo –izzare, que presènta uno sòno dople (Ita. organizzare) malgrado la grafía símplice en latino (Lat. medievale ORGANIZARE), que imita la grafía símplice grèca. La pronuntia en la koinè helenística èra [zz].
    Similarly, it is appropriate to write with double spelling the suffix -izzare , which has a double sound ( Italian organize ) despite the simple Latin spelling ( Lat. medievale ORGANIZARE ), which imitates the simple Greek spelling. The pronunciation in Hellenistic koinè was [zz]


    Uso de la léttera <j>
    Use of the wallet

    En positione initiale, lo latino [j-] (como en IAM) se confonde con [dj-] (DEŌRSUM) en toto lo romance, con los resultatos [ʣ-, ʤ-, ʒ-, j-]; en positione intervocàlica, [-jj-] (como en MAIUM, con iòd dople malgrado la grafía símplice) se confonde con [-gj-] (FAGEUM) en toto lo romance, con los resultatos [dʣ, dʤ, j]. Lo neolatino respècta cuestas confluèntias panromànicas, mais quale resultato (et grafía) presènta?
    In initial position, the Latin (as in IAM ) is confused with [dj-] ( DEŌRSUM ) in all Romance, with the results [ʣ-, ʤ-, ʒ-, j-]; in intervocalic position, [-jj-] (as in MAIUM , with double iodine despite the simple spelling) is confused with [-gj-] ( FAGEUM ) in all Romance, with the results [dʣ, dʤ, j] Neo-Latin respects these pan-Romance confluences, but what result (et grafía) does it present?

    En romance, las solutiones principales son [(d)ʤ] et [j] que, como mòstra la sequènte tabèlla, han una distributione molto complèxa, con variatione inclusive entro la majoritate de lenguas: Por., Cas., Ita, Rum. (en divèrsas proportiones, si se studian altras paraulas).
    In Romance, the main solutions are [(d)ʤ] and [j] which, as the following table shows, have a very complex distribution, with variatione inclusive between the majority of languages: Por ., Cas ., Ita , Rum . (in various proportions, if other words are studied).


    [ʤ] (actuale aut antico) aut Cas. ant [ʒ]
    [ʤ] (actual aut antico) aut Cas. ant [ʒ]

    [j] (actuale aut antico)
    [j] (current aut antico)

    IOCUM, IAMFUN, NOW

    Por. já, jogo; Cas. juego ([ʒ > χ]); Cat. ja, joc; Fra. (dé)ja, jeu,;
    By. haha, game; Cas. game ([ʒ > χ]); Cat. ha, joc; Fra. (de)ja, jeu,;

    Ita. già, gioco, Rum. joc
    Eng. yeah, game, Rum. joc

    Cas. ya
    Cas. already

    DEŌRSUMDOWN

    Por. juso; Cat. ant. jus, Fra. ant. jus;
    Por. juso; Cat. ans. jus, Ms. ans. jus;

    Ita. giuso, Rum. jos
    East. giuso, Rum. if

    Cas. yuso Cas. yuso

    Por. cuju; Cat. maig, major, . Por. maio; Cas. mayo, mayor; Fra.
    By. cuju; Cat. maig, major, . By. maio; Cas. May, major; Fra.

    maggio, maggiore, Rum. ajuna mai, ant. maiour; Ita. maiale, Rum.
    May, Major, Rum. ajuna mai, ant. maiour; Eng. Pork, Rum.

    maiuMay

    Por. correia, faia; Cas. haya 55; Fra. courroie, ant. faie
    Por. correia, made; Cas. haya 55; Fr. courroie, ant. do

Cat. corretja, faig; Ita. correggia, faggio
Cat. strap, I do; Ita. correct, faggio

CORRIGIAM, FAGEUM/FAGEAM
CORRECT, FAGEUM/FAGEUM

ItaShe

MAIUM, MAIOREM, CUIUM, MAIALEM, JEJUNARE
BIGGER, BIGGER, CUIUM, PORK, FAST


En positione initiale predomina [ʤ] claramente et en positione intervocàlica predomina [j] lèvemente. Conjuctamente, predomina [ʤ], si bène lèvemente.
In initial position [ʤ] clearly predominates and in intervocalic position [j] slightly predominates. Conjointly, [ʤ] predominates, if slightly.

De altra parte, mèntre [j] èst símplice en toto lo romance, lo resulatato [(d)ʤ] consèrva en positione intervocàlica la pronuntiatione dople (CORRIGIAM > Cat. corretja, Ita. correggia), que èst sistemàtica con lo resultato de altros gruppos de consonante sequita de iòd (Neo. faccîa, fillîa, vinnîa, etc.).
On the other hand, while [j] is simple in all Romance, the result [(d)ʤ] preserves in intervocalic position the double pronunciation ( CORRIGIAM > Cat. corretja , Ita. correggia ), which is systematic with the result of others groups of consonant followed by iodine ( Neo. faccîa , fillîa , vinîa , etc.).

Finalemente, [(d)ʤ] èst la única optione compatíbile con una ortografía etimològica en neolatino, ja que pòte essere representata <(j)j> aut <ggî> secondo lo ètimo: Neo. ja, josso, majjo vs. faggîo. Cuesto èst coherènte con lo uso majoritario en romance en positione initiale, onde se distingue la grafía de los continuatores de Lat. [j-] et [g-]:
Finally, [(d)ʤ] is the only option compatible with an etymological spelling in Neolatin, since it can be represented <(j)j> aut <ggî> according to the etymology: Neo. yes , if , may vs. beech . This is consistent with the majority use in Romance in initial position, where the spelling of the continuators of Lat is distinguished. [j-] and [g-]:

Consequèntemente, cuestos prèstetos grecolatinos han, en neolatino, la grafía <z, zz> et tanto la pronuntiatione [z, zz] (majoritaria) quanto [ʣ, dʣ], en plus de [dʤ] en la variante populare de lo suffixo, escripto <jj> (cortejjare, guerrejjare, verdejjare).
Consequently, these Greco-Latin borrowings have, in Neo-Latin, the spelling <z, zz> and both the pronunciation [z, zz] (majority) as much as [ʣ, dʣ], in addition to [dʤ] in the popular variant of the suffix, escripto <jj> ( courting , fighting , defending ).


UNA ORTOGRAFÍA FLEXÍBILE:
A FLEXIBLE SPELLING:

De una altra parte, la ortografía propòsta por lo neolatino èst flexíbile, adaptàbile ad las divèrsas sensibilitates. Include doas optiones gràficas compatíbiles et combinàbiles: una plus etimològica et una altra plus regulare. En lo Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino se includen sistemàticamente las doas grafías, etimològica et regulare.
On the other hand, the spelling proposed by Neo-Latin is flexible, adaptable to the various sensitivities. Includes two compatible and combinable graphic options: one more etymological and another more regular. The two spellings, etymological and regular, are systematically included in the Essential Neolatino Dictionary .

La sequènte tabèlla presènta las optiones propòstas por la escriptura de lo neolatino, que permetten ad lo usuario adaptare-lo ad las soas preferèntias por sentire-se plus còmodo:
The following table presents the options proposed for the writing of Neolatin, which allow the user to adapt it to his preferences to feel more comfortable:


GRAFÍAS ETIMOLÒGICAS
ETYMOLOGICAL GRAPHICS

GRAFÍAS REGULARES

lettera, porta, crociare
letter, door, cross

léttera, pòrta, crocîare
letter, door, cross

lingua, inlanguage, in

lengua, enlanguage, in

musca, cunfly, with

mosca, confly, with

pœnapunishment

penapity

cæcoblind

cèco

typo

tipotype

graphíagraphia

grafíaspelling

theatrotheater

teatrotheater

chòrochoir

còrochorus

rhetòricarhetoric

retòricarhetoric

havere, inhumano, deshonesto 59
havere, inhuman, dishonest 59

avere, inumano, desonesto
to have, inhuman, dishonest

ja, jorno, majjore, mèjjo
yes, day, major, best

gîa, gîorno, maggîore, mèggîo
gîa, gîorno, maggiore, mèggîo

kilogrammakilogram

chilogrammakilogram

quattro, quinto 60
four, fifth 60

cuattro, cuinto

sexanta

secsantasixty

orationein prayer

oratsione

zona, organizzare
area, organize

zona / dzona, organizzare / organiddzare
zone / dzone, organize / organiddzare

et, aut, ad /e(d), aw(d), a(d)/
and, aut, ad /e(d), aw(d), a(d)/

e/ed, au/aud, a/ad

èst [ɛ / ɛst]
èst [ε / east]

è/èstand/is

que, qui, quèn [ke, ki, kɛn]
que, qui, que [ke, ki, kɛn]

che, chi, chèn
who, who, chèn


Non obstante, la ortografía que Vía Neolatina recommanda como stàndarde por lo neolatino èst una combinatione equilibrata de las doas optiones (etimològica et regulare): concrètamente las grafías marcatas en blavo en la tabèlla, consideratas plus intuitivas. Los motivos son los sequèntes:
However, the spelling that Vía Neolatina recommends as standard for Neolatin is a balanced combination of the two options (etymological and regular): specifically the spellings marked in blue in the table, considered more intuitive. The reasons are as follows:

Non obstante, hi ha qualques exceptiones en lo caso de [kw], notamente Neo. que, qui, quèn, que han perduto la [-w-] en toto lo romance. Lausberg (1965: § 345) lo explica per analogia con QUOD > Lat. vulgare [ko]. Donque, cuestas tres paraulas se pronuntian en neolatino preferèntemente sene [-w-], et cosí altrosí lo compòsto qualque 66. Non obstante, èst conveniènte conservare la grafía traditionale, ja que escrivèndo che, chi, chèn questas frequèntes paraulas pòten essere menos reconoscíbiles por moltos romanòfonos (las lenguas occidentales consèrvan la grafía <qu>, et solamente lo italiano presènta <ch>).
However, there are some exceptions in the case of [kw], notably Neo. that , who , that , that have lost the [-w-] in all Romance. Lausberg (1965: § 345) explains it by analogy with QUOD > Lat. vulgare [to]. Therefore, these three words are pronounced in Neolatin preferably without [-w-], and so on the compound some 66 . However, it is convenient to preserve the traditional spelling, since writing che, chi, chèn these frequent words can be less recognizable by many Romance speakers (Western languages ​​preserve the spelling <qu>, and only Italian presents <ch>).

Lo resultato èst una ortografía stàndarde màximamente intuitiva.
The result is a highly intuitive standard spelling.


65 De Por. zebra (antico ezebro, ezevro, ezevra), cognato de Cas. cebra (antico zebra, ezebra, enzebra, ezebrera) et Cat. antico
65 De Por. zebra (ancient ezebro, ezevro, ezevra), brother-in-law of Cas. cebra (ancient zebra, ezebra, enzebra, ezebrera) and ancient Cat

atzebra, “prob. issu [...] d'un lat. vulg. *eciferus, du lat. equiferus « cheval sauvage », comp. de equus « cheval » et ferus « sauvage ». Les Portugais ont appliqué le nom d'une espèce d'âne sauvage abondamment répandue dans la Péninsule ibérique jusqu'au XVIe s., au zèbre, animal sauvage qu'ils découvraient en Afrique à cette époque.” (Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé).
atzebra , "prob. from [...] a lat. vulg. * eciferus , from lat. equiferus "wild horse", comp. from equus "horse" and ferus "wild". The Portuguese applied the name of a species of wild donkey abundantly distributed in the Iberian Peninsula until the 16th century , to the zebra, a wild animal that they discovered in Africa at that time." ( Computerized Treasure of the French Language ).

66 Èst altrosí lo caso de altros compòstos: jaqué, perqué, posqué. Mais cui èst possíbile et plus conveniènte la escriptura separata: ja que, per que, pòs que. Evita confusione con altras paraulas finitas per –que que non son compòstos de que et, donque, se pronuntian [-kwe]: cinque, donque, qualonque, neque.
66 The same is true of other compounds: jaqué, perqué, posqué . But where is possible and more convenient the separate writing: since , because , you can that. It avoids confusion with other finite words for - that that are not composed of that and, therefore, are pronounced [-kwe]: five, therefore , any , neque.

  1. 2. 4. GRAFÈMAS
    2. 4. GRAPHICS

    La sequènte tabèlla presènta los grafèmas neolatinos et los sònos que represèntan. Las grafías non marcatas en blavo son variantes etimològicas prescindíbiles (han una variante simplificata, usata majoritariamente en romance):
    The following table presents the Neo-Latin graphemes and the sounds they represent. The spellings not marked in blue are indispensable etymological variants (they have a simplified variant, used mainly in Romance):


    GRAFÈMAGRAPHEME

    SÒNOI AM

    EXÈMPLO

    TRANSCRIPTIONE

    <a>, <à>, <à>

    [a]

    vacca, àngolocow, angle

    ['vakka], ['aŋgolo]
    ['vakka], ['aŋgolo]

    <æ><æ>

    [ɛ]

    cæcoblind

    (variante etim. de cèco ‘non vidènte’)
    (Czech etym. variant 'blind')

    ['ʧɛ:ko]['ʧɛ:ko]

    <b>

    [b]

    bènebene

    ['bɛ:ne]['be:me]

    <c>

    [k] ante <a, o, u>[k] before

    casaHouse

    ['ka:sa]['ka:to]


    [ʧ] ante <e, i>[ʧ] before

    cèlosky

    ['ʧɛ:lo]['ʧɛ:lo]

    <ch>

    [k]

    màchina,machine,

    ['ma:kina]['ma:china]



    chòro (variante etim. de còro)
    chòro (etymical variant of còro)

    ['kɔ:ɾo]['back:ɾo]

    <cî>

    [ʧ] ante <a, o, u>[ʧ] before

    crocîare (derivato de croce)
    crocîare (derivative of croce)

    [kɾo'ʧa:ɾe][kɾo'ʧa:ɾe]

    <d>

    [d]

    damaagitate

    ['da:ma]['lady]

    <dz>

    [ʣ]

    verdza

    ['veɾʣa]['veɾʣa]

    <e>, <é>, <é>

    [e][It is]

    estella, léttera

    [es'tella], ['letteɾa]
    [es'tella], ['letteɾa]

    <è><è>

    [ɛ]

    tèrraearth

    ['tɛra]['tera]

    <f>

    [f]

    fòrtestrong

    ['fɔɾte]['foɾte]

    <g>

    [g] ante <a, o, u>[g] before

    gommaeraser

    ['gomma]['eraser]


    [ʤ] ante <e, i>[ʤ] before

    legethe law

    ['le:ʤe]['le:ʤe]

    <gh>

    [g] ante <e, i>[g] before

    portughesePortuguese

    [poɾtu'ge:se]
    [poɾtu'ge:se]

    <gî>

    [ʤ] ante <a, o, u>[ʤ] before

    fugîa (de lo vèrbo fugire)
    fugîa (from the verb to flee)

    ['fu:ʤa]['fu:ʤa]

    <h>

    [ ]

    haverehave

    [ a've:ɾe][a've:ɾe]

    <i>, <í>

    [i]

    artista, víaartist, via

    [aɾ'tista], ['via]
    [aɾ'tista], ['via]

    <i>

    [j] en diptòngos
    [j] in diptòngos

    ariaair

    ['aɾja]['aɾja]

    <j>

    [ʤ] aut [ʒ] 67
    [ʤ] or [ʒ] 67

    jaand

    [ʤa] / [ʒa]

    <k>

    [k]

    kilogrammakilogram

    [kilo'gɾamma][kilograms]

    <l>

    [l]

    lègerelight

    ['lɛ:ʤeɾe]['he:ʤeɾe]

    <lî>

    [ʎ]

    lîamaliam

    ['ʎa:ma]['ʎa:ma]

    <m>

    [m]

    marebig

    ['ma:ɾe]['ma:ɾe]

    <n>

    [n]

    nòvenovelty

    [‘nɔ:ve]['no:ve]

    <nî>

    [ɲ][x]

    nîam!No!

    ['ɲam]['ɲam]

    <o>, <ó>, <ó>

    [o][O]

    gomma, pólvere
    gomma, polvere

    ['gomma], ['polveɾe]
    ['rubber], ['dustɾe]

    <ò><ò>

    [ɔ][o]

    còrpobody

    ['kɔɾpo]['coɾpo]

    <œ><œ>

    [e][It is]

    pœna (variante etim. de pena)
    penalty (variant etym. de penalty)

    ['pe:na]['pe:na]

    <p>

    [p]

    patre
    to his father

    ['pa:tɾe]['pa:tɾe]

    <ph>

    [f]

    graphía (variante etim. de grafía)
    graphía (variant spelling etym.)

    [gɾa'fi:a][gɾa'fi:a]

    <qu>

    [kw]68

    aqua

    ['a:kwa]['a:to]

    <r>

    [ɾ]

    ròsa, marito
    pink, husband

    ['ɾɔ:sa], [ma'ɾi:to]
    ['ɾɔ:sa], [ma'ɾi:to]


    67 [ʒ] solamente en positione initiale de paraula. Entre vocales, onde la grafía èst dople (como en majjo, mèjjo), la pronuntiatione única èst [dʤ] (dople).
    67 [ʒ] only in initial position of word. Between vowels, where the spelling is double (as in majjo, méjjo), the only pronunciation is [dʤ] (double).

    68 Non obstante, exceptionalemente <qu> sòna [k] en las sequèntes paraulas: que, qui, quèn, qualque (ved. § 3.2.3 Ad una ortografía intuitiva et flexíbile). Exsiste, non obstante, una grafía regulare alternativa: che, chi, chèn, qualche.
    68 However, exceptionally <qu> sounds [k] in the following words: que, qui, quèn, que (see § 3.2.3 To an intuitive and flexible spelling ). There is, however, an alternative regular spelling: che, chi, chèn, quai .

    <rh>

    [ɾ]

    rhetòrica (variante etim. de retòrica)
    rhetoric (etymological variant of rhetoric)

    [ɾe'tɔ:ɾika][ɾe'to:ɾika]

    <rr>

    [r]

    carrocar

    ['karo]['karo]

    <s>

    [s]

    casaHouse

    ['ka:sa]['ka:to]

    <sî>

    [ʃ]

    sîèrpasíerpa

    ['ʃɛɾpa]['ʃɛɾpa]

    <t>

    [t]

    tèmpotempo

    ['tɛmpo]['tempo]

    <th>

    [t]

    theatro (variante etim. de teatro)
    theater (etym. variant of theater)

    [te'atɾo][te'atɾo]

    <ti>

    [ʦj] ante vocale, mais non pòs <s> 69
    [ʦj] ante vowel, but not can 69

    optioneoption

    [op'ʦjo:ne][op'ʦjo:ne]

    <ts>

    [ʦ]

    altsare

    [al'ʦaɾe]

    <u>, <ú>, <ú>

    [u][in]

    tu, súccaro
    here, súccaro

    [tu], ['sukkaɾo]
    [tu], ['sukkaɾo]


    [w] en diptòngos
    [w] is a diphthong

    causacause

    ['kawsa]['cause]

    <v>

    [v][in]

    vinowine

    ['vi:no]['wine]

    <w>

    [w][In]

    whisky

    ['wiski]['whiskey]

    <x>

    [ks]

    pròximonext

    ['pɾɔksimo]['pɾɔksimo]

    <y>

    [i]

    whisky

    ['wiski]['whiskey]



    typo (variante etim. de tipo)
    typo (type etym. variant)

    ['ti:po]['ti:po]


    [j]

    Nòva YorkNew York

    [nɔva 'joɾk][nɔva 'joɾk]

    <z>

    [z] aut [ʣ]
    [from] cars [ʣ]

    zonazone

    ['zo:na] / ['ʣo:na]
    ['zo:na] / ['ʣo:na]


    Como se vede en la tabèlla, lo neolatino presènta –como succède en totas las lenguas romànicas– qualques dígrafos (<ch, gh, ts, dz,...>) et signos diacríticos (<´, `, ^). Cuesto èst necessario por representare sònos que lo latino et lo soo alfabèto desconoscevan, tanto consonànticos ([ɲ, ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʦ, ʣ, etc.] quanto vocàlicos ([ɛ, ɔ]), conservando màximamente la grafía latina. Per exèmplo, gratias ad los dígrafos <ch, gh> (màchina, portughese) potemos continuare escrivèndo con <c, g> ante e, i las paraulas que, actualemente, ja non sònan [k, g], como cèlo, lege (escriptos como Lat. CAELUM, LEGEM malgrado la distincta pronuntiatione)70.
    As can be seen in the table, Neolatin presents - as happens in all Romance languages ​​- some digraphs (<ch, gh, ts, dz, ...>) and diacritical marks (< ́, `, ^ ). This is necessary to represent sounds that Latin and its alphabet did not know, both consonants ( [nyj, ʎ, ʧ, ʤ, ʦ, ʣ, etc.] and vowels ([ɛ, ɔ]), preserving the Latin script as much as possible. For example, thanks to the digraphs <ch, gh> ( machine, Portuguese ) we can continue writing with <c, g> before and, and words that, currently, no longer sound [k, g], such as sky, lege ( written as Lat CAELUM , LEGEM despite the distinct pronunciatione) 70 .

Lo accènto circumflèxo en la nota <î> èst necessario per que, sene elle, la i sonaría normalemente, como en edificio [-ʧjo], religione [-ʤjo-], fòlio [-ljo], Hispania [-nja], visione [-sjo-]. En qualonque caso, èst infrequènte.
The circumflex accent in the note <î> is necessary because, without it, it would sound normally, as in building [-ʧjo], religione [-ʤjo-], folio [-ljo], Hispania [-nja], visione [-show-] . In any case, it is infrequent.


69 Cuesta grafía etimològica, presènte en prèstetos (en paraula hereditarias se usa <ts>), non èst possíbile ante una <i> tònica: primatsía (non *primatiia). De altra parte, post <s>, la pronuntia èst [tj] (non [ʦj]), como en questione, cristiano.
69 This etymological spelling, present in loans (in hereditary words <ts> is used), is not possible before a tonic <i>: primatsía (non * primatiia ). On the other hand, after <s>, the pronunciation is [tj] (not [ʦj]), as in question , Christian .

70 Parte de lo sardo èst una notàbile exceptione cui.
70 Parte de lo sardo is one notable exception to this.

En plus, lo neolatino usa lo accènto acuto (´) et lo grave (`). Indican la accentuatione fonètica, la apertura vocàlica, la non diptongatione, et distinguen qualques homòfonos (ved.
In addition, Neo-Latin uses the acute accent (´) and the grave (`). They indicate phonetic accentuation, vowel opening, non-diphthongization, and distinguish some homophones (see.

§ 3.2.5).


  1. 2. 5. ACCENTUATIONE

    La accentuatione gràfica èst usata en neolatino sopre vocales con quattro functiones: por marcare lo accènto fonètico, lo iato (la non diptongatione), la apertura vocàlica et por differentiare paraulas homòfonas. Non obstante, en totos cuestos casos èst possíbile prescindere de lo accènto gràfico.
    The graphic accentuatione is used in Neolatin on vowels with four functions: to mark the phonetic accent, the iato (non-diphthongization), the vowel opening and to differentiate homophone words. However, in all these cases it is possible to dispense with the graphic accent.

    Las paraulas neolatinas son generalemente paroxítonas (con lo accènto fonètico sopre la penúltima síllaba) et finen per una vocale aut per qualques consonantes que participan en la flexione:
    Neolatin words are generally paroxitonic (with the phonetic accent on the penultimate syllable) and end in a high vowel for some consonants that participate in the inflection:


3. 3. PRONUNTIATIONE
3. 3. Pronunciation

3. 3. 1. QUANTITATE VOCÀLICA
3. 3. 1. VOWELIC QUANTITY

En neolatino se distingue entre vocales brèves et lòngas.
In Neolatin it is distinguished between short and long vowels.

Se pronuntian lòngas las vocales tònicas de síllabas apèrtas interiores de paraula quando estan situatas en lo finale de la frase prosòdica (cuesto include las paraulas isolatas) aut son pronuntiatas con émfase 74.
The tonic vowels of internal open syllables of word are pronounced long when they are located at the end of the prosodic phrase (this includes isolated words) or are pronounced with emphasis 74 .



VOCALESVOWELS

BRÈVESBRIEF


VOCALESVOWELS

LÒNGASLONGAS

[a]

<a>, <à>, <à>

caldo, àrborehot tree

[a:]

<a>, <à>, <à>

casa, amàbile
home, lovable

[e][It is]

<e>, <é>, <é>

ella, créscereshe grows

[e:][It is:]

<e>, <é>, <é>

rete, néverenet, nevere


74 “Stressed vowels are lengthened in word-internal open syllables when they occur at the end of the intonational phrase (thus including isolated words) or under emphasis: cf. casa [‘kaːsa] ‘house’ vs. cassa [‘kasːa] ‘chest’ and casetta [ka'setːa] ‘little house’. Contrary to wide-spread opinion, this lengthening process is thus far from being ad categorical word-level phenomenon [...]. The exact phonetic implementation of the stress-conditioned lengthening process is, in any case, prosodically governed even at the word level [...].” (Bertinetto et Loporcaro, 2005: 136)

[ɛ]

<è><è>

dèntetooth

[ɛ:][e:]

<è><è>

bènebene

[i]

<i>, <í>

mille, símbolomille symbol

[i:]

<i>, <í>

filo, dícere
thread, to say

[o][O]

<o>, <ó>, <ó>

coppa, tórtoracuppa, dove

[o:][O:]

<o>, <ó>, <ó>

dono, dódece
owner, dodece

[ɔ][o]

<ò><ò>

còntraversus

[ɔ:][o:]

<ò><ò>

jòcojoco

[u][in]

<u>, <ú>, <ú>

fuste, legúmenestem, legume

[u:][in:]

<u>, <ú>, <ú>

puro, músicapure music


La distinctione de quantitate vocàlica èst uno fenòmeno protoromànico conservato en italiano. Optionalemente, èst possíbile non pronuntiare-lo. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).
The distinction of vowel quantity is a proto-Romance phenomenon preserved in Italian. Optionally, it is possible not to pronounce it. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).


3. 3. 2. QUANTITATE CONSONÀNTICA

En neolatino, totas las consonantes pòten apparere símplices aut doples:
In Neolatin, all consonants can appear simple or double:


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

SÍMPLICES


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

DOPLES

[p]

<p>

capoboss

[p:]

<pp>

gruppogroup

[b]

<b>

prohibire

[b:] (raro 75)

<bb>

abbateabbot

[t]

<t>

mutojuice

[t:]

<tt>

létteralighter

[d]

<d>

vedereview

[d:] (raro 76)
[d:] (rare 76)

<dd>

addormirefall asleep

[k]

<c> +a, o, u

fòcostrong

[k:]

<cc> +a, o, u

vaccacow

[g]

<g>

figurafigure

[g:] (raro 77)

<gg>

aggrupareto group

[l]

<l>

aladown

[l:]

<ll>

ellashe

[m]

<m>

comoas

[m:]

<mm>

gommaeraser

[n]

<n>

bènebene

[n:]

<nn>

annoyear

[ɾ]

<r>

còreheart

[r]

<rr>

tèrraearth

[f]

<f>

profundodeep

[f:] (raro)
[f:] (bottom)

<ff>

diffíciledifficult

[v][in]

<v>

provaretry

[v:] (raro)[v:] (rare)

<vv>

avventuraadventure

[s]

<s>

casaHouse

[s:]

<ss>

prèssonear

[ʦ]

<ts>,

<t> + i + vocal

fòrtsa, optione

[ʦ:] (raro)
[ʦ:] (bottom)

<tts>

plattsaflatten

[ʧ]

<c> + e, i,+ e, i,

<cî> + a, o, u

croce, crocîare
cross, crucîare

[ʧ:] (raro)
[ʧ:] (bottom)

<cc> + e, i,+ e, i,

<ccî> + a, o, u

succèdere, faccîa
succeed, faccîa

[ʤ]

<g> + e, i,+ e, i,

<gî> + a, o, u

<j>

fugire, fugîa
run away, run away

ja, pijamame, pajamas

[ʤ:] (raro)
[ʤ:] (bottom)


<ggî> + a, o, u

<jj>

correggîa majjo


Qualques consonantes son generalemente doples (simples generalemente en prèstetos):
Some consonants are usually double (single usually in loans):


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

SÍMPLICES


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

DOPLES

[ʎ] (raro)[ʎ] (bottom)

<lî>

lîamaliam

(< Cas. llama)(<Cas.llama)

[ʎ:]

<llî>

allîohello


75 En formas prefixatas, generalemente.
75 In prefixated forms, generally.

76 En formas prefixatas.
76 In prefixated forms.

77 En formas prefixatas.
77 In prefixated forms.

[ɲ] (raro)[ɲ] (rare)

<nî>

nîocchieyes

(< Ita. gnocchi)
(< Ita. gnocchi)

[ɲ:][ñ:]

<nnî>

linnîalinnia

[ʃ]

<sî>

sîèrpasíerpa

(tibetano),(Tibetan),

basîare ‘osculare’
basîare 'to kiss'

[ʃ:]

<ssî>

bassîareBassiare

‘descendere’'come down'


Finalemente, tanto [z], [ʣ] quanto [z:], [ʣ:] son raros (majoritariamente apparen en prèstetos, exceptuando [ʣ] en casos como admòrdzo, onde lo sòno èst nativo):
Finally, both [z], [ʣ] and [z:], [ʣ:] are rare (mostly appear in loans, excepting [ʣ] in cases such as admòrdzo, where the sound is native):


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

SÍMPLICES


CONSONANTESCONSONANTS

DOPLES

[z] (raro 78)
[z] (rare 78)

<z>

bazarmarket

[z:] (raro 79)
[z:] (rare 79)

<zz>

utilizzareuse

[ʣ] (raro)[ʣ] (bottom)

<dz>,

<z / dz> 8080

admòrdzo, zèta / dzèta
admòrdzo, zeta / zetta

[ʣ:] (raro 81)
[ʣ:] (bottom 81)

<ddz>

<zz>

utiliddzare utilizzareuse use


La distinctione de quantitate consonàntica èst uno fenòmeno protoromànico conservato en italiano et sardo. Optionalemente, èst possíbile non pronuntiare-lo. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).
The distinction of consonant quantity is a proto-Romance phenomenon preserved in Italian and Sardinian. Optionally, it is possible not to pronounce it. (Ved. § 3.3.5 Pronuntiationes regionales).


3. 3. 3. SIMPLIFICATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS

Los sequèntes gruppos de tres aut quattro consonantes han, en neolatino, doas possíbiles pronuntiationes: una conservatora (complèta) et una altra simplificata, onde cade una de las consonantes (sèmpre occlusiva: [p, t, k, b, d]). Cuesto succède en prèstetos de lo latino.
The following groups of three or four consonants have, in Neolatin, two possible pronunciations: one conservative (complete) and another simplified, where each one of the consonants (always occlusive: [p, t, k, b, d]). This happens in loans from Latin.

Cade la prima consonante
The first consonant drops

<xp>

[(k)sp]

expansioneexpansion

<xt>

[(k)st]

extèrnoexternal

<xk>

[(k)sk]

excursioneexcursion

<xc>+ e/i

[(k)sʧ]

excellènteexcellent

<xs>

[(k)ss]

exsístereexists

<bst>

[(b)st]

abstinèntiaabstinence

<bsc>

[(b)sk]

obscuritateobscurity

<bsc> + e/i+ e/i

[(b)sʧ]

obscènoobscene

<dscr>

[(d)scr]

adscriptione

<dstr>

[(d)str]

adstringènteastringent

Cade la consonante mediale
The medial consonant drops

<rpt>

[ɾ(p)t]

absorptione

<lpt>

[l(p)t]

sculptore

<mpt>

[m(p)t]

redemptioneredemption

<stm> / <sthm>/

[s(t)m]

astma (var. asthma)
asthma (var. asthma)

<nx>

[n(k)s]

anxiosoanxious


78 En prèstetos de lo grèco et altras lenguas.
78 In loans from Greek and other languages.

79 Únicamente en lo suffixo grèco -izzare.
79 Only in the Greek suffix -izzare.

80 En prèstetos grècos, <z> et <zz> han doos possíbiles pronuntiationes en neolatino: [z] / [ʣ] et [z:] / [ʣ:], respectivamente. La grafía regulare <dz> et <ddz> èst, en cueste caso, menos recommandàbile que la etimològica.
80 In Greek loanwords, <z> and <zz> have two possible pronunciations in Neolatin: [z] / [ʣ] and [z:] / [ʣ:], respectively. The regular spelling <dz> and <ddz> is, in this case, less recommended than the etymological one.

81 Únicamente en lo suffixo grèco –iddzare, como variante de [z:] –izzare.
81 Only in the Greek suffix –iddzare, as a variant of [z:] –izzare.

<xs>

[k(s)s]

exsistereto exist

<nct>

[n(k)t]

conjunctivo


3. 3. 4. ASSIMILATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS

Los sequèntes gruppos de doas consonantes han, en neolatino, doas possíbiles pronuntiationes: una conservatora et una altra con assimilatione regressiva (la seconda consonante assimila la prima). Cuesto èst possíbile tanto en paraulas hereditarias quanto en prèstetos de lo latino.
The following groups of two consonants have, in Neo-Latin, two possible pronunciations: one conservative and another with regressive assimilation (the second consonant assimilates the first). This is possible both in hereditary words and in loans from Latin.

GRAFÈMAGRAPHEME

SÒNOI AM

EXÈMPLOS

<pt>

[pt]/[t:]

sèpte; helicòptero
sept; helicopter

<bt>

[bt]/[t:]

sobto; obtenere
sobto; I will get

<ct>

[kt]/[t:]

lacte; actuale
milk; Actuator

<vt>

[vt]/[t:]

civtate (< civetate)

<bd>

[bd]/[d:]

abdòmeneabdomen

<gd>

[gd]/[d:]

fregdo (< frégedo); amígdala

<bv>

[bv]/[v:]

obviareto meet

<dv>

[dv]/[v:]

advèrbio (var. avvèrbio)
adverb (var. adverb)

<tl>

[tl]/[l:]

espatla (var. espàtola); atlèta
shoulder (var. spatula); athlete

<bm>

[bm]/[mm]

submissionesubmission

<dm>

[dm]/[m:]

administrare (var. amministrare)
administrate (var. administer)

<dn>

[dn]/[n:]

adnotare (var. annotare)
annotate (var. annotate)

<mn>

[mn]/[n:]

dòmna; gimnasio dòmna; gym

<br>

[bɾ]/[r]

subrogareSUBROGATION

<ps>

[ps]/[s:]

capsa; lapso
capsa; lapse

<x>

[ks]/[s:]

còxa; exèmplo
thigh; example

<bs>

[bs]/[s:]

absènteabsent

<rs>

[ɾs]/[s:]

orso; univèrso
bear; universe

<cti>+ vocale+ vowel

[kʦj]/[tʦj]

actioneaction

<pti>+ vocale+ vowel

[pʦj]/[tʦj]

optioneoption

<cc>+ e/i

[kʧ]/[tʧ]

accèndere; accidènte
turn on; accident

<bj>

[bʤ]/[dʤ]

sobjogare; objècto
sobjogare; object


Nota: non hi ha assimilatione regressiva en altros gruppos consonànticos, como <st> visto,
Note: there is no regressive assimilation in other consonant groups, such as seen,

<sc> discòrdia, <lt> altitúdine, <mp> límpido, <mf> triumfo, <nt> documènto, <nc>
discord, altitude, limpid, I triumph document,

provincia, <nd> càndido, <ng> angina, <nv> convèxo., <ns> ascensione, etc.


  1. 3. 4. REFORTSAMÈNTO FONETICOSINTÀCTICO
    3. 4. REINFORCEMENT OF PHONETIC SYNTACTICS

    Lo refortsamènto foneticosintàctico (RF) èst uno fenòmeno de fonètica sintàctica que ha orígine en la assimilatione de una antica consonante finale ad una consonante sequènte:
    Phonetic- syntactic reinforcement (RF) is a phenomenon of syntactic phonetics that originates in the assimilation of an old final consonant to a following consonant:

En quanto a la escriptura, èst possíbile una grafía etimològica <et, aut, ad> aut una grafía plus fonològica. Cuesta, secondo lo caso, sería:
As for the writing, an etymological spelling is possible aut a more phonological spelling. Cost, if applicable, would be:

  1. <e, au, a> en positione isolata (per exèmplo: Falta la prepositione a), aut sèmpre si se òpta per elimiare complètamente lo RF;
    in isolated position (for example: Falta the preposition a), either you always opt to completely eliminate the RF;

  2. <ed, aud, ad> ante vocale au consonante. La grafía etimològica èst prefferíbile:
    vowel ante to consonant. The etymological spelling is preferable:

  3. 3. 5. PRONUNTIATIONES REGIONALES
    ‌3. 5. PRONUNTIATIONES REGIONALES

    Los parlantes applican ad lo neolatino, inevitàbilemente, qualques características sonòras de la(s) lengua(s) que ja conoscen. Questo non èst necessariamente uno problema por la communicatione. De facto, èst bèllo, et interessante por lo conoscimènto mútuo de las divèrsas communitates linguísticas. :
    Speakers inevitably apply to Neo-Latin some sound characteristics of the language(s) they already know. This is not necessarily a problem for communication. In fact, it is beautiful, and interesting for the mutual knowledge of the various linguistic communities. :

    En lo caso de los romanòfonos, los sequèntes fenòmenos, que son molto probàbiles en los parlantes de qualques romances, non deverían impedire la communicatione. Non obstante, èst possíbile que qualques sèan plus problemàticos que altros (ved. § 3.1 Sònos fundamentales et variantes):
    In the case of Romance-speakers, the following phenomena, which are very likely in the speakers of some Romance, should not prevent communication. However, it is possible that some are more problematic than others (see § 3.1 Fundamental sounds and variants ):

    Fenòmenos consonànticos:
    Consonantal phenomena:


    84 La neutralizzatione de las oppositiones /e, o/ vs. /ɛ, ɔ/ non èst uno problèma por lo sistèma neolatino. Uno romance con cuesta oppositione como lo catalano ha varietates que non facen ja la distinctione.
    84 The neutralization of the /e, o/ vs. oppositions. /ɛ, it/ is not a problem for the Neo-Latin system. A romance with opposition cost as Catalan has varieties that do not already make the distinction.

    ÍndiceIndex

  4. MORFOLOGÍA NOMINALE
    NOMINAL MORPHOLOGY

  1. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES

    Sequèndo la tendèntia evolutiva generale de lo romance, lo neolatino consèrva de lo latino la concordantia de gènere et número mais reduce la declinatione ad los pronomes personales. Exèmplos:
    Following the general evolutionary tendency of Romance, Neo-Latin preserves from Latin the concordance of gender and number but reduces the declination to personal pronouns. Examples:

    1. la luna plena
      the full moon

    2. Ella èst una fotògrafa de la natura. Le place molto la luna et quando èst plena la fotografía.
      She is a nature photographer. He likes the moon and when it is full photography.

En lo exèmplo 1 se obsèrva uno sintagma onde artículo et adjectivo concòrdan con lo substantivo que complemèntan. Totos son femeninos singulares.
In example 1 a phrase is observed where article and adjective agree with the noun they complement. All are singular feminine.

En lo exèmplo 2 se obsèrva como lo pronome personale de 3ª persona femenino cambia de forma secondo la soa functione: subjècto (ella), objècto indirècto (le) aut objècto dirècto (la).
In example 2 it is observed how the personal pronoun of 3rd person feminine changes of form according to its function: subject (she), indirect object (le) or direct object (la).


4. 2. SUBSTANTIVOS ET ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE
‌4. 2. NOUNS ET ADJECTIVES: GENDER

En neolatino, como en latino et romance, hi ha gènere grammaticale. Non obstante, mèntre lo latino haveva tres gèneres (masculino, femenino et nèutro), lo neolatino ne consèrva solamente doos (masculino et femenino), sequèndo la tendèntia generale de lo romance.85
In Neo-Latin, as in Latin and Romance, there is grammatical gender. However, while Latin had three genders (masculine, feminine and neuter), Neo-Latin retains only two (masculine and feminine), following the general trend of Romance. 85


4. 2. 1. SUBSTANTIVOS: GÈNERE
4. 2. 1. NOUNS: GENDER

Generalemente, los substantivos finitos per –o son masculinos, los terminatos per –a son femeninos, et los accapatos per –e son masculinos aut femeninos (secondo lo substantivo). Non obstante, hi ha qualques (paucas) exceptiones, notamente mano f et día m, mais altrosí múltiples prèstetos grècos conclusos per –a que pòten èssere masculinos et femeninos (internauta, dentista, etc.).
Generally, nouns ending in -o are masculine, those ending in -a are feminine, and those accompanied by -e are masculine or feminine (according to the noun). However, there are some (few) exceptions, notably mano f and día m , but otherwise multiple Greek loanwords concluded by -a that can be masculine and feminine ( internet , dentist , etc.).


4. 3. 2. ADJECTIVOS: GÈNERE
4. 3. 2. ADJECTIVES: GENDER

Por formare lo femenino de los adjectivos masculinos finitos per –o, se substitúe la última vocale per –a: bòno m bòna f. Los adjectivos finitos per –e son, originariamente, invariàbiles, mais haven altrosí una variante femenina finita per –a: alècre m alècre/alècra f, differènte m differènte/differènta f, grande m grande/granda f, verde m verde/verda f.
To form the feminine of masculine adjectives ending in -o , the last vowel is replaced by -a : good mgood f . The adjectives ending in - and are, originally, invariable, but have otherwise a feminine variant ending in -a : alècre malècre/alècra f , different mdifferent/different f , great mgreat/green f , green mgreen/green f .

ADJECTIVOSADJECTIVES

-o·-a

-e·-e/-a

sg. m. sg. m.

bònobonus

alècrecheerful

sg. f. sg. f.

bònagood

alècre/alècra
alécre/alècre


85 Lo rumèno sí have un tèrtso gènere, mais non èst pròpriamente nèutro: cuessas paraulas son masculinas en singulare et femeninas en plurale.
85 Romanian does have a third gender, but it is not properly neutral: these words are masculine in singular and feminine in plural.

4. 3. SUBSTANTIOS ET ADJECTIVOS: NÚMERO

4. 3. 1. PLURALE SIGMÀTICO (-S)
4. 3. 1. SIGMATIC PLURAL (-S)

Como norma generale, por formare lo plurale de los substantivos masculinos aut femeninos finitos per vocale –o , -a, -e , se additiona una –s: govèrno m sg. govèrnos m pl, dolore m sg.
As a general rule, to form the plural of masculine and feminine nouns ending in vowel -o, -a, -e, an -s is added: government m sg. →governments m pl, pain m sg.

dolores m pl, día m sg. días m pl, casa f. sg. casas f. pl, gènte f. sg. gèntes f. pl, mano f. sg.
→dolores m pl, day m sg. →días m pl, house f. Mr. →houses f. pl, people f. Mr. → people f. pl, hand f. Mr.

manos f. pl.

Por formare lo plurale de los substantivos masculinos aut femeninos finitos per consonante, se additiona –es: bar m sg. bares m pl, stàndard m sg. stàndardes m pl.
To form the plural of masculine or feminine nouns ending in a consonant, -es is added: bar m sg. →bars m pl, standard m sg. →standards m pl.

Por formare lo plurale de los adjectivos masculinos aut femeninos finitos per vocale, se additiona una –s: bòno m sg. bònos m pl, bòna m sg. bònas m pl, alègre m sg. alègres m pl, alègre/alègra f. sg. alègres/alègras f. pl.
To form the plural of masculine and feminine adjectives ending in vowel, an -s is added: bòno m sg.good m pl , good m sg.good m pl , cheerful m sg.cheerful m pl , cheerful/cheerful f. sg.cheerful/cheerful f. pl .


SUBSTANTIVOSNOUNS

-s

-es-it

sg. m. sg. m.

govèrno, dolore, dia
government, pain, dia

bar

pl. m.

govèrnos, dolores, dias
governments, pains, days

baresbars

sg. f. sg. f.

casa, gènte, mano
house, people, hand


pl. f.

casas, gèntes, manos
houses, people, hands



ADJECTIVOSADJECTIVES

-s

-s/-as

sg. m. sg. m.

bònobonus

alègrelighthearted

pl. m.

bònosbonos

alègreslighthearted

sg. f. sg. f.

bònagood

alègre/alègralight/light

pl. f.

bònasbonus

alègres/alègras


Son una exceptione los demostrativos: cueste m sg. cuestos m pl (non cuestes), cuesse
Demonstrative ones are an exception: they cost more. → Cuestos m pl (non Cuestes), Cuese

m sg. cuessos m pl, cuelle m sg. cuellos m pl.
m sg. → questions m pl, neck m sg. → m pl collars.


4. 3. 2. PLURALE VOCÀLICO
4. 3. 2. PLURALE VOCAL

Qualques substantivos masculinos haven, en plus de lo plurale regulare, una variante vocalica en –a, plus traditionale. Deriva de uno plurale nèutro latino en –A, que en romance èst reinterpretato como femenino. Exèmplos: braccîo m sg. braccîos m pl /braccîa f. pl, dégeto
Some masculine nouns have, in addition to the regular plural, a vowel variant in - a , more traditional. It derives from a Latin neutral plural in - A , which in Romance is reinterpreted as feminine. Examples: braccîo m sg.arms m pl / arm f. pl , dégeto

m sg. dégetos m pl/dégeta f. pl, òsso m sg. òssos m pl/òssa f. pl, òvo m sg. òvos m pl/òva f. pl. Cuesto plurale irregulare have una variante semiregularizzata, en –as: braccîas f. pl, dégetas f. pl, òssas f. pl, òvas f. pl.
m sg.dégetos m pl / dégeta f. pl , bone m sg.bones m pl / bone f. pl , egg m sg.eggs m pl / egg f. pl . This irregular plural has a semiregularizzata variant, in –as : braccîas f. pl , dégetas f. pl , bones f. pl , eggs f. pl .

SUBSTANTIVOS CON 2 GÈNERES
NOUNS WITH 2 GENDER

-s/-as/-a

sg. m. sg. m.

òvo, dégetoovo, degeto

pl. m.

òvos, dégetos
eggs, degetes

sg. f. sg. f.

-

pl. f.

òvas/òva, dégetas/dégeta
ovas/ova, dégetas/dégeta

Lo romance orientale (italiano, rumèno) presènta plurales vocàlicos de manaria generalizzata:
Oriental romance (Italian, Romanian) presents plural vocàlicos of generalized manaria:

sg.) La capra blanca et lo lopo negro
sg.) The white capra and the black lopo

pl.) Las capras blancas et los lopos negros pl. orientale) Le capre blanche et li lopi negri
pl.) The white goats and the black wolves pl. orientale) Le capre blanche et li lopi negri

Cuesto secondo tipo de plurale vocàlico èst una consequèntia de la caduta de tota –s finale en lo romance orientale, una evolutione fonètica particulare que affècta non solamente ad la morfología nominale mais altrosí ad la verbale et altras paraulas. Non èst recommandàbile en neolatino, mais èst conveniènte conoscere-la.
This second type of vowel plural is a consequence of the fall of all - s final in Eastern Romance, a particular phonetic evolution that affects not only the nominal morphology but also the verbal and other words. It is not recommended in Neo-Latin, but it is convenient to know it.


4. 4. PRONOMES PERSONALES
4. 4. PERSONAL PRONOMES


PRONOMESPRONOUNS

Tònicostonics

ÀtonosAtoneus

Subjèctosubject

Depòs de prepositione

Objècto Dirècto
Direct object

Objècto Indirècto
Indirect object

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

èowhat

mime

me

me

2ª ps. sg. 2ª ps. sg.

tuthat

tiof

tethe

tethe

3ª ps. sg. m.
3ª ps. sg. m.

ello/elleit/her

lui/ello/ellehim/her/her

loit

le/lîebinds

3ª ps. sg. f.
3ª ps. sg. f.

ellashe

lei/ellashe/he

lathe

le/lîebinds

3ª ps. sg. n.
3ª ps. sg. n.

elloit

elloit



3ª ps. sg. ref.


Yeah

sewith

sewith

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

nós, nosaltros· nosaltras f
us, nosaltros · nosaltras f

nós, nosaltros· nosaltras f
us, nosaltros · nosaltras f

nosus

nosus

2ª ps. pl 2nd ps. pl

vós, vosaltros· vosaltras f
you, vosaltros· vosaltras f

vós, vosaltros· vosaltras f
you, vosaltros· vosaltras f

vosyour

vosyour

3ª ps. pl. m.
3rd ps. pl. m.

ellosthey

loro/ellosparrot/they

losthe

les/loro (ved. nota)
les/parrot (see note)

3ª ps. pl. f.
3rd ps. pl. f.

ellasthey

loro/ellasparrot/them

lasthe

les/loro (ved. nota)
les/parrot (see note)

3ª ps. pl. ref.


Yeah

sewith

sewith

(Nota: Lo pronome loro non èst àtono)
(Note: The pronoun they is not àtono)


Advèrbios pronominales: ne, hi. (ved. § 5.6 sopre hi èst/hi son /hi ha).
Pronominal adverbs: ne, hi. (see § 5.6 on hi est/hi son /hi ha).

Los pronomes àtonos (sene loro) se unen ad lo vèrbo con uno tracto quando lo sèquen. La forma de cortesía èst la 2ª ps. pl.: vós.
The atonous pronouns (without loro) are united to the verb with a hyphen when they follow it. The form of courtesy is the 2nd ps. pl.: you.


4. 5. RELATIVOS
‌4. 5. RELATIVES

Los principales relativos neolatinos son: como, cujjo·cujja f, onde, ove, quale (lo quale·la quale∤quala f·los quales m pl·las quales∤qualas f. pl), quando, quanto, que, qui.
The main neo-Latin relatives are: as, cujjo·cujja f, onde, ove, which (the which which which f. pl), when, how much, that, who.

4. 6. ARTÍCULOS
4. 6. ARTICLES

Artículos definitos: lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl. Exsiste, altrosí, uno artículo singulare nèutro: lo
Definite articles: lo m·la f·los m pl·las f. pl. There is, furthermore, a singular neutral article: the

n. Las tres formas singulares haven la variante l’, que se pòte usare, optionalemente, ante vocale aut <h>.
n. The three singular forms have the variant l', which can be used, optionally, before the aut vowel .

Artículos indefinitos: uno m·una f·unos m pl·unas f. pl. Lo artículo uno have la variante un, que pòte usare-se, optionalemente, ante vocale aut <h> (en cuesta positione, uno èst regulare mais antico). En plus, exsisten los artículos plurales de los pl, de las f. pl, equivalèntes ad unos et unas, respectivamente.
Indefinite articles: one m · one f · one m pl · one f. pl . The article one has the variant a , which can be used, optionally, before the vowel aut <h> (in this position, one is regular but ancient). In addition, there are plural articles of the pl , of the f. pl , equivalent to ones and ones , respectively .

Artículos partitivos: de lo m·de la f·de los m pl·de las f. pl (de plus los artículos definitos). En neolatino son facoltativos.
Partitive articles: of the m·de the f·de los m pl·de the f. pl (plus the defined articles). In Neo-Latin they are optional.

ARTÍCULOSARTICLES

definitosdefined

indefinitosindefinite

partitivospartitives

sg. m. sg. m.

lo/l’he/she

uno/unone/an

de lo/de l’of the/the

sg. f. sg. f.

la/l’the/the

unaa

de la/de l’from/from

sg. n. sg. n.

lo/l’he/she


de lo/de l’of the/the

pl. m.

losthe

unos, de losone of the

de losof the

pl. f.

lasthe

unas, de lasone of the

de lasof the



ad

deof

daand

sg. m. sg. m.

ad lo (/ad l’) / allo (all’)
ad lo (/ad l') / allo (all')

de lo (/de l’) / dello (dell’)
de lo (/de l') / dello (of the)

da lo (/da l’) / dallo (dall’)
da lo (/da l') / dall' (dal')

sg. f. sg. f.

ad la (/ad l’) / alla (all’)
ad la (/ad l') / alla (all')

de la (/de l’) / della (dell’)
of the (/of the) / della (of the)

da la (/da l’) / dalla (dall’)
from the (/from the) / from the (from the)

sg. n. sg. n.

ad lo (/ad l’) / allo (all’)
ad lo (/ad l') / allo (all')

de lo (/de l’) / dello (dell’)
de lo (/de l') / dello (of the)

da lo (/da l’) / dallo (dall’)
da lo (/da l') / dall' (dal')

pl. m.

ad los / allos

de los / dellosof them

da los / dallos

pl. f.

ad las / allas
ad las / there

de las / dellasof the/them

da las / dallas

Lo artículo se collòca ante lo substantivo, sequèndo lo uso majoritario en romance. Prepositiones articulatas:
The article is collocated before the substantive, meaning it is mostly used in romance. Articulated prepositions:


En qualques romances exsisten altrosí altras prepositiones articulatas: per/por (por.) et en
In any romance there are also articulated prepositions: per/por (por.) et en

(por. ita). En lo caso de en, la vocale de la prepositione cade.
(by. ita). In the case of en, the vowel of the prepositione cade.


4. 7. POSSESSIVOS
‌4. 7. POSSESSIVES

POSSESSIVOSPOSSESSIVES

sg.

pl.

PLENOSFULL

m.

f.

m.

f.

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

mèocat

mèamine

mèoscats

mèasmother

2ª ps. sg. 2ª ps. sg.

too

toahero

tooswake up

toasin the room

3ª ps. sg. 3ª ps. sg.

sooso

soa

soosas

soas

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

nòstroour

nòstraour

nòstrosour

nòstrasour

2ª ps. pl.
2nd ps. pl.

vòstroyour

vòstrayours

vòstrosvastros

vòstrasVestras

Hi son doas sèries de possessivos en neolatino: las formas plenas et las redoctas. Los possessivos plenos pòten funtionare de adjectivos et pronomes.
There are two series of possessives in Neolatin: the full forms and the reduced forms. Full possessives can function as adjectives and pronouns.

3ª ps. pl.
3rd ps. pl.

loroThey

loro / lorathey/them

lorosparrots

loros / lorasparrots

sooso

soa

soosas

soas


Ante los pronomes possessivos èst obligatòria la inclusione de lo artículo determinato correspondènte (ex: lo mèo, la toa, los soos, las nòstras, etc.). Cuesto non èst necessario ante los adjectivos possessivos, mais exsiste, optionalemente, la possibilitate de inclúdere lo artículo altrosí ante los adjectivos possessivos plenos.
Before possessive pronouns is mandatory the inclusion of the corresponding determined article (ex: mine, yours, his, ours, etc.). This is not necessary before possessive adjectives, but there is, optionally, the possibility of including the other article before full possessive adjectives.

Los possessivos redoctos solamente pòten funtionare de adjectivos, et se usan sèmpre sene artículos. So uso èst fòrse plus appropriato en lo registro poètico, specialmente las formas nò, nòs, vò, vòs, que son molto minoritarias en romance.
Reduced possessives can only function as adjectives, and are always used without articles. Its use is much more appropriate in the poetic register, especially the forms no, us, want, you , which are very minority in Romance.

POSSESSIVOSPOSSESSIVES

sg.

pl.

REDOCTOSREDOCTS

m.

f.

m.

f.

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

mofor

maand

mosnot

masbut

2ª ps. sg. 2ª ps. sg.

to

tafacing

tosthem

tasthat

3ª ps. sg. 3ª ps. sg.

so

saon

sos

sas

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

north

nòsmarriage

2ª ps. pl.
2nd ps. pl.

rub

vòsmouth

3ª ps. pl.
3rd ps. pl.

so

saon

sos

sas


4. 8. DEMOSTRATIVOS
‌4. 8. DEMONSTRATIVES

Los demostrativos masculinos et femeninos pòten functionare de adjectivos et pronomes. Los nèutros solamente actúan como pronomes.
The masculine and feminine demonstratives can function as adjectives and pronouns. Neuters only act as pronouns.

DEMOSTRATIVOS
DEMOSTRATIVES

m.

f.

n. (pron.) n. (pron.)

sg.

pl.

sg.

pl.

sg.

cuesto/cuestecost/cost

cuestoscosts

cuestacosts

cuestasslopes

cuesto, cuò

cuesso/cuessecueso/cuesse

cuessoscussos

cuessa

cuessasquestions

cuessoquestion

cuello/cuelle
collar/collar

cuelloscollars

cuella

cuellas

cuelloneck


4. 9. INTERROGATIVOS
‌4. 9. INTERROGATIVES

Los principales interrogativos neolatinos son: como, onde, ove, quale la f, quando, quanto
The main neo-Latin interrogatives are: como, where, ove, quale ≠la f, when, how much

=ta f, que, qui/quèn.
=ta f, que, qui/quên.

Èst possíbile accentuare gràficamente los interrogativos, et èst conveniènte specialemente quando pòta havere-hi ambiguitate.
It is possible to graphically emphasize interrogative questions, and is especially convenient when there may be ambiguity.


4. 10. INDEFINITOS ET QUANTITATIVOS

Los principales indefinitos neolatinos son: assates, alcuno (=nos pl =na f. =nas f. pl), altro (=os
The principal neo-Latin indefinites are: assates, alkun (=nos pl =na f. =nas f. pl), altro (=os

pl =ra f. =ras f. pl), bastante (=es pl =te/ta f. =tes/tas f. pl), cata, cata uno (=na f.), cèrto =ta f,
pl =ra f. =ras f. pl), pretty (=es pl =te/ta f. =tes/tas f. pl), cata, cata uno (=na f.), certo =ta f,

divèrsos (=sas f.), màis, menos, mesmo (=os pl. =ma f. =mas f. pl.), molto (=ta f.), necuno,
various (=sas f.), more, less, same (=most f.), much (=ta f.), none,

necuno (=na f.), necuna causa, necuna persona, pauco (=os pl. =ca f=cas f. pl.), òmne, plus, qualque, quanto (=os pl. =ta f. =tas f. pl.), se, tale (=les pl. ≠la f. ≠las f. pl.), tanto (=os pl. =ta f.
nobody (=the f. ), no cause, no person, little (= the f = cas f. pl. ), everyone, plus, some, how much (=the f . , pl. ), if, such (=the pl. ≠the f. ≠the f. pl. ), both (=the pl. =that f.

=tas f. pl.), toto (=os pl. =ta f. =tas f. pl.), tròppo (=os pl. =pa f. =pas f. pl.), uno (=os pl. =na f. =nas
=bag f. pl.), toto (=those pl. =ta f. =tas f. pl.), too (=those pl. =for f. =step f. pl.), one (=those pl. =not f. =nose

f. pl.).


4. 11. NUMERALES
4. 11. NUMERALS


CARDINALESCARDINALS

ORDINALESORDINAL

0

zèrozero

1

unoone

1st

primofirst

2

doos mbox m

2nd

secondo

3

tresthree

3rd

tèrtsotertso

4

quattro/quàttorofour/four

4th

quartoroom

5

cinquefive

5th

quintofifth

6

sèxe, sèxsex, sex

6th

sèxtosexto

7

sèpteseptember

7th

sèptimoseventh

8

òctoocto

8th

octavo

9

nòvenovelty

9th

nonomilk

10

dècedeath

10º10th

dècimotenth

11

óndeceondece

11º11th

dècimo-primo / undècimo
tenth-first / eleventh

12

dódecedodece

12º12th

dècimo-secondo / duodècimo

13

trédece

13º13th

dècimo-tèrtsothirteenth

14

quattórdece

14º14th

dècimo-quartofourteenth

15

quíndecequindece

15º15th

dècimo-quintotenth-fifth

16

decesèxdecesex

16º16th

dècimo-sèxtosixteenth

17

decesèptedisappointed

17º17th

dècimo-sèptimoseventeenth

18

deceòctoby default

18º18th

dècimo-octavoeighteenth

19

decenòveten nine

19º19th

dècimo-nonotenth-ninth

20

vientewind

20º20th

vientèsimo / vigèsimo
twenty/twentieth

21

viente-et-uno
twenty-et-one

21º21st

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-primo

22

viente-et-doos

22º22nd

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-secondo

23

viente-et-tres
twenty-et-three

23º23rd

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-tèrtso
twentyth ∤ twentieth-tèrtso

24

viente-et-quattrocome-et-four

24º24th

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-quarto

25

viente-et-cinque
come-and-cinque

25º25th

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-quinto
vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-fifth

26

viente-et-sèis
viente-et-séis

26º26th

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-sèxto
twentieth ∤ twentieth-sixth

27

viente-et-sèpte
Vene-et-Sèpte

27º27th

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-sèptimo
vientèsimo ∤ twenty-seventh

28

viente-et-òctocome-and-go

28º28th

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-octavo
twentyth ∤ twenty-eighth

29

viente-et-nòveVene-et-Nòve

29º29th

vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-nono
vientèsimo ∤ vigèsimo-ninth

30

trentathirty

30º30th

trentèsimo / trigèsimo
thirtieth / thirtieth

40

quarantaforty

40º

quarantèsimo / quadragèsimo
fortieth / fortieth

50

cinquantafifty

50º50th

cinquantèsimo / quinquagèsimo
fiftieth / fiftieth

60

sexanta

60º

sexantèsimo / sexagèsimo
sixtieth / sixtieth

70

septanta

70º

septantèsimo / septuagèsimo
septantèsimo / septuagesimo

80

octantaoctane

80º

octantèsimo / octogèsimo

90

novantaninety

90º

novantèsimo / nonagèsimo
ninetyth / nonageth

100

cèntocent

100º100th

centèsimohundredth

101

cènto uno
one hundred and one

101º101st

centèsimo primo
hundredth prime

200

doos-cèntosbox centos

200º

doos-centèsimo
two hundredth

1 000

millewhich

1 000º1,000º

milèsimomillennial

1 001

mille unothousand one

1 001º1,001st

milèsimo primo
thousandth first

2 000

doos-milledose-what

2 000º2,000º

doos-milèsimobox-milesimo


1 000 000º1 000 000th

milionèsimomillionth


Se usan tractos (-) por unire las decenas et las unitates ad partire de lo 21: viente-et- uno, ..., novanta-et-nòve. Altrosí con las centenas et los milièros: doos-cèntos, ..., nòve- cèntos; doos-mille, ..., nòve-mille.
Hyphens (-) are used to join tens and units from 21: twenty-one, ..., ninety-nine . Likewise with the hundreds and the thousands: two hundred, ..., nine hundred ; box-mile, ..., nine-mile.


MULTIPLICATIVOS


FRACTIONARIOSFractional

x 2

doplodone

1 / 2

mèjjobetter

x 3

triplotriple

1 / 3

uno tèrtsoone third

x 4

quàdruploquadruple

1 / 4

uno quartoa quarter

x 5

quíntuplofivefold

1 / 5

uno quintoone fifth

x 6

sèxtuplosextuplo

1 / 6

uno sèxtoone sexto

x 7

sèptuplosevenfold

1 / 7

uno sèptimoone seventh

x 8

òctuploeightfold

1 / 8

uno octavoone eighth

x 9

nónuploninefold

1 / 9

uno nonoone ninth

x 10

dècuplo

1 / 10

uno dècimoone tenth

x 100

cèntuplohundredfold

1 / 100

uno centèsimo
one hundredth


Lo resto de numerales multiplicativos se constrúen con lo correspondènte número cardinale sequito de veces plus (ex. óndece veces plus), et lo resto de fractionarios con lo correspondènte número ordinale sequito de parte aut fractione (ex. la dècimo-prima parte).
The rest of the multiplicative numerals are constructed with the corresponding cardinal number of times plus (ex. óndece times plus ), and the rest of fractional numbers with the corresponding ordinale number of parts aut fractione (ex. the tenth-first part ).

Qualques numerales cardinales haven formas femeninas: doas et los suos compòstos (viente-et-doas, trenta-et-doas, etc.) et doas -cèntas, tres-cèntas, etc.
Some cardinal numerals have feminine forms: two and their compounds (twenty-two, thirty-two, etc.) and two -cents, three-cents, etc.

Totos los numerales ordinales, multiplicativos et fractionarios haven formas femeninas, que se constrúen regularemente: primo =ma f, secondo =da f, tèrtso =sa f, doplo =la f, mèjjo =ja f, uno tèrtso · una tèrtsa f, etc. En los numerales compòstos, la forma femenina solamente se differèntia per la última vocale: dècimo-prima.
All ordinal, multiplicative and fractional numerals have feminine forms, which are regularly constructed: primo = ma f , second = da f , tertso =sa f , doplo =la f , mejjo = ja f , uno tertso · una tertsa f , etc . In the compound numerals, the feminine form only differed by the last vowel: tenth-prime.


COLLECTIVOS

2

pare, parecla
it seems, the parable

3

tèrna, tríotèrna, trio

10

decenaten

12

dodecenaDodecanese

100

centenahundred

1 000

miliario/millîario

1 000 000

milione/millîone
million/million

ÍndiceIndex

5. MORFOLOGÍA VERBALE
5. VERBAL MORPHOLOGY

5. 1. QUESTIONES GENERALES

5. 1. 1. FLEXIONE
5. 1. 1. BENDING

Como en totos los romances, los vèrbos neolatinos se pòten flexionare secondo divèrsas personas (1ª, 2ª, 3ª), números (singulare, plurale), tèmpos (presente, futuro, etc.), aspèctos (perfectivo, imperfectivo, etc.) et mòdos (indicativo, subjunctivo, conditionale, imperativo).
As in all Romance, Neo-Latin verbs can be inflected according to various persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd), numbers (singular, plural), tenses (present, future, etc.), aspects (perfect, imperfect, etc.) and modes (indicative, subjunctive, conditional, imperative).

Ecco, como exèmplo, la flexione de lo vèrbo cantare, onde se vede que qualques tèmpos, clamatos compòstos, besonnîan uno vèrbo auxiliare:
Here, as an example, the inflection of the verb cantare, where it is seen that some tenses, called compounds, need an auxiliary verb:


CANTARESING

TÈMPOS SÍMPLICES

TÈMPOSTIME

COMPÒSTOSCOMPOUNDS

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVO PASSATO
PAST INFINITIVE

cantaresing

haverehave

cantatosang

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIO PASSATOPAST GERUND

cantandosinging

havèndo

cantatosang

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.


cantantesinger

PARTICIP. PASS.

cantatosang

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PASSATO PRÒXIMO
PASSATO PROXIMO

cantocorner

habbio / hajjo / hao / hai 86

cantatosang

cantasyou sing

haves / has

cantatosang

cantasing

have / ha

cantatosang

cantamoswe sing

havemos / hemos
we have / we have

cantatosang

cantatessing

havetes / hetes
pregnant / pregnant

cantatosang

cantanthey sing

haven / havon / han
the garden / havon / he

cantatosang

PASS. IMPERF.

PASSATO ANTERIORE PRÒXIMO
ANTERIOR PAST PROXIMO

cantava / cantavo
sang / I sang

haveva / havevo
hadva / hadvo

cantatosang

cantavasyou sang

havevas

cantatosang

cantavaHe sang

havevahad

cantatosang

cantavamoswe sang

havevamoswe had

cantatosang

cantavates

havevates

cantatosang

cantavan

havevan

cantatosang

PASS. REMOTO

PASSATO ANTERIORE REMOTO
REMOTE ANTERIOR PAST

cantaising

havei

cantatosang

cantaste

havestehadest

cantatosang

cantausinging

haveuyou have

cantatosang

cantammoswe sing

havemmos

cantatosang


86 Ved. las explicationes de las variantes de lo vèrbo auxiliare en la conjugatione de havere.
86 Ved. the explanations of the variants of the auxiliary verb in the conjugation of havere.

cantastesyou sang

havesteshadestes

cantatosang

cantaronsing

haverondude

cantatosang

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTURO ANTERIORE
FUTURE PERFECT

cantarao / cantarai

hav(e)rao / hav(e)rai

cantatosang

cantaràs
you will sing

hav(e)ràshav(e)rás

cantatosang

cantaràwill sing

hav(e)rà

cantatosang

cantaremoswe will sing

hav(e)remoshave(e)remo

cantatosang

cantareteschanterelles

hav(e)retes

cantatosang

cantaràn
they will sing

hav(e)rànsea(s) rån

cantatosang

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PASSATOPAST

cantesing

habbia / hajja

cantatosang

cantessongs

habbias / hajjas

cantatosang

cantesing

habbia / hajja

cantatosang

cantemoslet's sing

habbiamos / hajjamos
htiamos / hajjamos

cantatosang

cantetesyou can sing

habbiates / hajjates

cantatosang

cantenthey sing

habbian / hajjan
habbian / pilgrimage

cantatosang

PASS. IMPERF.

PASSATO ANTERIORE
ANTERIOR PAST

cantasse / cantassosing / sing

havesse / havesso

cantatosang

cantasses

havesses

cantatosang

cantassesing

havesse

cantatosang

cantàssemoslet's sing

havéssemoswe had

cantatosang

cantàssetesyou sing

havésseteshavessetes

cantatosang

cantassen

havessen

cantatosang

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PASSATO IPAST I

cantaría / cantarío
I would sing / I would sing

hav(e)ría / hav(e)río

cantatosang

cantarías
you would sing

hav(e)ríashav(e)rias

cantatosang

cantaríai would sing

hav(e)ríawould have

cantatosang

cantariamos
we would sing

hav(e)riamos
we would have

cantatosang

cantariates

hav(e)riates

cantatosang

cantarían
they would sing

hav(e)rían
they would have

cantatosang

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PASSATO IIPAST II

cantareva / cantarevo

hav(e)reva / hav(e)revo

cantatosang

cantarevas

hav(e)revas

cantatosang

cantareva

hav(e)revahave a dream

cantatosang

cantarevamos
we would sing

hav(e)revamos
we have(e)remos

cantatosang

cantarevates

hav(e)revates

cantatosang

cantarevan

hav(e)revan

cantatosang

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE


-

cantasing

cantesing

cantemoslet's sing

cantatesing

cantenthey sing


Lo participio de los tèmpos compòstos concòrda optionalemente en número et gènere. Ex:
The participle of the compound tenses optionally agrees in number and gender. Ex:

La cantione la hao cantata / La cantione la hao cantato.
La cantione la hao cantata / La cantione la hao cantato

La concordantia de lo participio èst necessaria en la voce passiva. Ex: La cantione èst cantata per lo còro.
The agreement of the participle is necessary in the passive voice. Ex: The song is sung by the choir.


5. 1. 2. VÈRBOS AUXILIARES
5. 1. 2. AUXILIARY VERBS

Hi son doos vèrbos auxiliares en neolatino: havere et èssere/essere.
There are two auxiliary verbs in Neo-Latin: havere and been/essere.

En los tèmpos compòstos èst possíbile fàcere la distintione traditionale entre havere et èssere: havere con los vèrbos transitivos et con los inergativos (intransitivos non inaccusativos); èssere con los vèrbos inaccusativos87. Ex: ha comentsato vs. èst nato; se èst lavato. Èst possíbile altrosí usare sèmpre lo auxiliare havere. Ex: ha comentsato, ha nato, se ha lavato.
In the compound tenses it is possible to make the traditional distinction between havere and been : havere with transitive verbs and inergatives (non-inaccusative intransitives); be with unaccusative verbs 87 . Ex: has commented vs. east nato; it is washed. It is otherwise possible to always use the auxiliary havere . Ex: has eaten, has born, has washed.

Lo auxiliare èssere se usa necessariamente por formare la voce passiva. Ex: Elle èst amato per moltas personas. En la voce passiva hi son altrosí tèmpos compòstos: Elle èst essuto punito / Elle ha essuto punito.
The auxiliary be is used necessarily to form the passive voice. Ex: She is loved by many people. In the passive voice there are other compound tenses: She has been punished / She has been punished .

Los vèrbos auxiliares, con lo pronome hi, haven funtione existentiale: hi èst sg. ·hi son pl. / hi ha inv.
Auxiliary verbs, with the pronoun hi, have an existential function: hi is sg. ·hi are pl. / she has inv.


5. 2. VÈRBOS REGULARES
5. 2. REGULAR VERBS

  1. 2. 1. CONJUGATIONES

    En lo romance neolatino hi son 4 conjugationes:


87 Cuesta distintione non èst sèmpre coincidènte en las lenguas que usan los doos auxiliares en los tèmpos compòstos.
87 This distinction is not always coincident in languages ​​that use the two auxiliaries in the compound tenses.

88 Ja en latino, qualques vèrbos potevan essere flexionatos secondo cuestas doas conjugationes. Ex. ŎLĒRE / ŎLĔRE.

89 Non obstante, cuestas formas pòten exsístere en romance: *VENDEO > Rum. vânz vs. VENDO > Neo. vendo.
89 However, some powerful forms exist in romance: *SELLING > Rum. vânz vs. SELLING > Neo. I sell.

  1. 2. 2. MODÈLLOS DE LAS CONJUGATIONES
    2. 2. MODELS OF CONJUGATIONS

    En las tabèllas que presèntan la conjugatione verbale, se usan las sequèntes marcas de colores:
    In the tables that present the verbal conjugation, the following color marks are used:


Índice de alternantias verbales Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of verbal alternations Index of irregular verbs


CONJ. REG.

CONJ. REG.

CONJ. REG.

CONJ. REG.

1st

2nd

3rd

4th

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

cant-a-re

tem-e-re 90

vin

énd-e-re

part-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

cant-a-ndo

tem-è-ndo 91is 91

vend-è-ndo
selling-is-doing

part-i-ndo 92
part-through 92

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

cant-a-nte

tem-è-nte

vend-è-ntesell-and-nte

part-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

cant-a-to

tem-u-to

vend-u-to

part-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cant-o

tem-ohave it

vend-oturn-o

part-obreak it

cant-a-s

tem-e-shave you

vend-e-s

part-e-s

cant-a

tem-ehave it

vend-ereverse

part-e

cant-a-mos

tem-e-moswe have

vin

énd-e-mos93is it me93

part-i-mos

cant-a-tes

tem-e-teshave you

vin

énd-e-tes

part-i-tes

cant-a-n

tem-e-n/-o-94tem-en/-o-94

vend-e-n/-o-95
vend-en/-o-95

part-e-n/-o-part-en/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

cant-a-va/-vo 96

tem-e-va/-vo

vend-e-va/-vo

part-i-va/-vo

cant-a-va-s

tem-e-va-s

vend-e-va-s
sell-and-go-s

part-i-va-s

cant-a-vasang

tem-e-va

vend-e-vasell-and-go

part-i-vapart-and-go

cant-a-va-mos

tem-e-va-mos
we have-e-va-mos

vend-e-va-mos

part-i-va-mos

cant-a-va-tes

tem-e-va-teshave-and-go

vend-e-va-tessell-e-go

part-i-va-tesleave-and-go


90 Ved. lo significato de lo solineato en 2. 2.
90 See the meaning of the phrase en 2. 2.

91 Ved. lo significato de lo remarcato en 2. 2.
91 See. the meaning of what I have remarked in 2. 2.

92 Sopre la forma de lo gerundio et lo participio presènte en la conj. 4ª, ved. § 5.4.1.
92 On the form of the gerund and the participle present in the conj. 4a, see. § 5.4.1.

93 Sopre la accentuatione, ved. § 5.4.3.
93 On accentuation, see. § 5.4.3.

94 En la conjugatione 2ª, la terminatione heredetata de lo latino èst -en.
94 En la conjugatione 2ª, la terminationatione inherited from lo Latino is -en.

95 En la conjugatione 3ª, la terminatione heredetata de lo latino èst -on.
95 In la conjugatione 3ª, la terminationatione inherited from lo latino is -on.

96 Sopre la variatione –va / -vo de lo imperfècto de indicativo, ved. § 5.4.3.
96 On the variation –va / -vo of the indicative imperfection, see. § 5.4.3.


cant-a-va-n

tem-e-va-n

vin

end-e-va-nend-and-go-n

part-i-va-nleave-and-go

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

cant-a-i

tem-e-ihey

vin

end-e-i

part-

-i/part-


cant-a-ste

tem-e-stehave-you

vin

end-e-ste

part-i-ste

cant-a-u

tem-e-uHave me

vin

end-e-u

part-i-u

cant-a-mmos

tem-e-mmos

vin

end-e-mmos

part-i-mmos

cant-a-stes

tem-e-stes

vin

end-e-stesend-to-end

part-i-stes

cant-a-ron

tem-e-ron

vin

end-e-ron

part-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

cant-a-ra-o / -i 97

tem-e-ra-o / -i

vin

end-e-ra-o / -i

part-i-ra-o / -i

cant-a-rà-s

tem-e-rà-stem-e-ra-s

vin

end-e-rà-s

part-i-rà-s

cant-a-rà

tem-e-rà

vin

end-e-ràend-and-ra

part-i-rà

cant-a-re-mos

tem-e-re-mos
we have-e-re-mos

vin

end-e-re-mos

part-i-re-mos

cant-a-re-tes

tem-e-re-tes

vin

end-e-re-tes

part-i-re-tes

cant-a-rà-n

tem-e-rà-n

vin

end-e-rà-n

part-i-rà-n

í íin in


SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cant-e

tem-atheme

vin

end-a

part-a

cant-e-s

tem-a-s

vin

end-a-s

part-a-s

cant-e

tem-atheme

vin

end-a

part-a

cant-e-moshow-and-mos

tem-a-moswe have it

vin

end-a-mos

part-a-mosshore-a-wash

cant-e-tes

tem-a-teshave you

vin

end-a-tes

part-a-tes

cant-e-n

tem-a-ntem-an

vin

end-a-n

part-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

cant-a-sse/-sso 98

tem-e-sse/-sso

vin

end-e-sse/-sso

part-i-sse/-sso

cant-a-sse-s

tem-e-sse-shas-e-sse-s

vin

end-e-sse-s

part-i-sse-s

cant-a-sse

tem-e-ssehas-e-sse

vin

end-e-sse

part-i-sse

cant-à-sse-mos

tem-é-sse-mos
we have-is-we-we

vin

end-é-sse-mos

part-

-sse-mos

cant-à-sse-tes

tem-é-sse-tes
have-is-se-you

vin

end-é-sse-tes

part-

-sse-tes

cant-a-sse-n

tem-e-sse-nhas-e-sse-n

vin

end-e-sse-n

part-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

cant-a-ría/-río 99
cant-a-ría/-rio 99

tem-e-ría/-río
tem-e-ría/-river

vin

end-e-ría/-río
end-e-ría/-river

part-i-ría/-río
part-i-ria/-river

cant-a-ría-s

tem-e-ría-stem-e-ria-s

vin

end-e-ría-s

part-i-ría-s

cant-a-ría

tem-e-ríatem-e-ria

vin

end-e-ría
end-and-river

part-i-ría

cant-a-ria-mos

tem-e-ria-mos
we have-e-ria-mos

vin

end-e-ria-mos

part-i-ria-mos

cant-a-ria-tes

tem-e-ria-tes
have-and-laugh

vin

end-e-ria-tes

part-i-ria-tes

cant-a-ría-n

tem-e-ría-n

vin

end-e-ría-n

part-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE II 100
PRESENT II 100

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

í íin in


97 Sopre la variatione –ra-o / -ra-i de lo futuro de indicativo, ved. § 5.4.3.
97 About the variation –ra-o / -ra-i of the future indicative, see. § 5.4.3.

98 Sopre la variatione –sse / -sso de lo imperfècto de subjunctivo, ved. § 5.4.3.
98 Sopre la variatione -sse / -sso de lo imperfecto de subjunctive, ved. § 5.4.3.

99 Sopre la variatione –ría / -ría de lo presènte I de conditionale, ved. § 5.4.3.
99 On the variation -ría / -ría of the present I of conditional, see. § 5.4.3.

100 Sopre la variatione conditionale I / conditionale II, ved. § 5.4.3.
100 Sopre la variatione conditionale I / conditionale II, ved. § 5.4.3.

cant-a-reva/-o

tem-e-reva/-o

vin

end-e-reva/-o

part-i-reva/-o

cant-a-reva-s

tem-e-reva-s

vin

end-e-reva-s

part-i-reva-s

cant-a-reva

tem-e-reva

vin

end-e-revadream-end

part-i-reva

cant-a-reva-mos

tem-e-reva-mos
we have-and-reva-mos

vin

end-e-reva-mos

part-i-reva-mos

cant-a-reva-tes

tem-e-reva-teshave-and-see

vin

end-e-reva-tes

part-i-reva-tes

cant-a-reva-n

tem-e-reva-n

vin

end-e-reva-n

part-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

cant-a

tem-ehave it

vin

end-eend

part-i

cant-

eIt is

tem-atheme


vin

end-a


part-a


cant-

e-mos

tem-atheme

-mos-Do

vin

end-a

-mos-Do

part-a

-mos-Do

cant-a-te

tem-e-tehave you

vin

énd-e-te

part-i-te

cant-

e-nen

tem-atheme

-n

vin

end-a

-n

part-a

-n


5. 4. MORFÈMAS VERBALES
5. 4. VERB MORPHEMS

  1. 4. 1. VOCALE TEMÀTICA
    4. 1. THEMATIC VOCAL

    Secondo la conjugatione de lo vèrbo, la vocale temàtica èst:
    According to the conjugation of the verb, the thematic vowel is:

    1ª conj.

    2ª conj.

    3ª conj.3rd conj.

    4ª conj.

    -a-

    -e--It is-

    -e--It is-

    -i-


    Ex. cant-a-re, tem-e-re, vénd-e-re, part-i-re.

    La vocale temàtica cambia en cuestos casos:
    The thematic vowel changes in these cases:

v.t. + im. + p/n

2ª sg.

3ª sg.

1ª pl.1st floor

2ª pl.2nd floor

3ª pl.3rd floor

1ª conj.

-a

-e-It is

-e-mos

-a-te-your

-e-n-en

2ª conj.

-e-It is

-a

-a-mos-a-wash

-e-te-e-the

-a-n

3ª conj.3rd conj.

-e-It is

-a

-a-mos-a-wash

-e-te-e-the

-a-n

4ª conj.

-i

-a

-a-mos-a-wash

-i-te-in-the

-a-n


  1. 4. 2. PERSONA, NÚMERO
    4. 2. PERSON, NUMBER

    Hi ha tres sèries de morfèmas verbales de persona et número, dependèndo de los tèmpos:
    There are three series of verbal morphemes for person and number, depending on the tenses:

1ª sg.

2ª sg.

3ª sg.

1ª pl.1st floor

2ª pl.2nd floor

3ª pl.3rd floor


-

-

-mos-Do

-te-the

-n


Ex. cant-a (2ª sg.), cant-e (3ª sg.), cant-e-mos, cant-a-te, cant-e-n.
Ex. cant-a (2nd sg.), cant-e (3rd sg.), cant-e-mos, cant-a-te, cant-en.

La vocale temàtica cambia en la 3ª sg. et en la 1ª et 3ª pl., como ja se ha visto addèsso.
The thematic vowel changes in the 3rd sg. and in the 1st and 3rd floor, as already seen here.


  1. 4. 3. TÈMPO, ASPÈCTO, MÒDO
    ‌4. 3. TIME, LOOK, MODE

Presènta cambio de vocale temàtica en qualques personas, et morfèmas de número et persona particulares, como ja se ha visto.
Present thematic vowel change in some persons, and morphemes of number and person particulars, as already seen.

Lo accènto cade sopre lo radicale en la persona 2ª pl. de la conj. 3ª. Ex. vénd-e-te (vs. tem-e-te).
The accent falls on the radical in the 2nd person pl. of the conj. 3a. Ex. sell yourself (vs. try yourself).


  1. 5. ALTERANANTIAS

    Como la flexione verbale de totas las varietates romànicas, la de lo neolatino presènta alternantias como las sequèntes: jocamos vs. jochemos (alternantia gràfica); jocare vs. jòca (sonòra et gràfica).
    Like the verbal inflection of all the Romance varieties, the Neo-Latin one presents alternations such as the following: jocamos vs. let's play (graphic alternation); play vs. game (sound and graphics).

    Qualques alternantias son irregulares et qualques son regulares:

Uno mesmo vèrbo pòte presentare múltiples irregularitates, como se ha visto en los exèmplos de jocare.
One word can present multiple irregularities, as seen in the examples of gaming.


5. 5. 1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES

La conjugatione neolatina presènta qualques alterationes accentuales. Qualques son evitàbiles (cambiando lo vèrbo de conjugatione) et qualques son optionales.

En plus, en cuesta conjugatione lo accènto gràfico de lo infinitivo non èst necessario
In addition, in this conjugation the graphic accent of the infinitive is not necessary

en la flexione de lo vèrbo, exceptuando en lo presènte de indicativo (1ª et 2ª pl.) et imperativo (2ª pl.), ja mentionatos.
in the inflection of the verb, excepting in the present of indicative (1a and 2a pl.) and imperative (2a pl.), already mentioned.


Las alterationes per fixamènto accentuale, pròprias de la conjugatione traditionale, son evitàbiles conjugando lo vèrbo secondo la conj. 2ª. Ex. debàttere (3ª) →
‌The alterations for accentual fixamènto, proper to the traditional conjugation, are avoidable by conjugating the verb according to the conj. 2nd. Ex. debàttere (3rd) →

debattere (2ª).debate (2ª).

Nota: Los vèrbos finitos con –ti- presèntan, en la variante sene avantsamènto accentuale, la alteratione t→ts (vede Alterationes consonànticas gràficas, plus en basso). Ex. initiare: initsía / initia Altrosí: engratiare, pronuntiare.
Note: Finite verbs with -ti- present, in the variant without accentual advancement, the alteratione t→ts (see Graphical consonant alterations , below). Ex. initiare : initsía / initia Others: engratiare , pronuntiare .


5. 5. 2. ALTERATIONES VOCÀLICAS

La conjugatione neolatina presènta qualques alterationes vocàlicas. Qualques son evitàbiles (introducèndo una irregularitate accentuale aut cambiando lo vèrbo de conjugatione), qualques son inevitàbiles et qualques son optionales.


104 Son rizotònicas qualques personas (1ª, 2ª, 3ª sg. et 3ª pl.) de los presèntes de indicativo et de subjunctivo, et qualques personas de lo imperativo (2ª, 3ª sg. et 3ª pl.). En plus, en la conj. 3ª son altrosí rizotònicas las altras personas de lo presènte de indicativo (1ª et 2ª pl.) et la 2ª pl. de lo imperativo, en plus de lo infinitivo.
104 Some persons (1a, 2a, 3a sg. and 3a pl.) of the presents of indicative and subjunctive, and some persons of the imperative (2a, 3a sg. and 3a pl.) are rhizotonic. In addition, in the conj. 3a are otherwise rhizotonic the other persons of the present indicative (1a and 2a pl.) and the 2a pl. of the imperative, in addition to the infinitive.

Por sapere los tèmpos et personas affectatas per cuestas alterationes, consultate los modèllos de flexione attravèrso de los hiperligàmenes.
To know the times and people affected by these alterations, see the bending patterns through the hyperlinks.



Cueste accènto gràfico èst evitàbile avantsando lo accento sonòro. Vede altrosí Avantsamènto accentuale (optionale), plus en alto. Non obstante, cuesto non èst possíbile en vèrbos sene síllaba anteriore, como fluire: flúo.
This graphic accent can be avoided by advancing the sound accent. See also Accent advancement (optional) , more above. However, this is not possible in verbs without a preceding syllable, such as fluire : flúo .




Cuestas clausuras vocàlicas son evitàbiles conjugando lo vèrbo secondo lo modèllo 2ª. Ex. repètere (3ª) → repetere, repeteva (2ª). Non obstante, en cuesto caso, sí besonnîa la apertura vocàlica en qualques formas: repèto (vede ad continuatione).
These vowel closures are avoidable by conjugating the verb according to model 2a. Ex. repeat (3a) → repeat , repeated (2a) . However, in this case, the vowel opening is needed in some forms: I repeat (see below).


formas, lo accènto gràfico apèrto èst necessario.
forms, the open graphic accent is necessary.


presentava generalemente una Ŏ tònica en las formas rizotònicas.
it usually had a tonic Ŏ in the rhizotonic forms.

Vede altrosí Clausura vocàlica, plus en alto.
See altrosí Vowel Closure, plus high.


  1. 5. 3. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (1)

    La conjugatione neolatina presènta qualques alterationes consonànticas. Una èst evitàbile (introducèndo una irregularitate accentuale), qualques son inevitàbiles (mais regulares) et qualques son optionales. Son optionales las irregularitates pròprias de lo paradigma traditionale, ja que en romance exsiste altrosí uno paradigma regularizzato.
    The Neo-Latin conjugation has some consonantal alterations. One is avoidable (introducing an accentual irregularity), some are inevitable (but regular) and some are optional. The irregularities of the traditional paradigm are optional, since in Romance there is otherwise a regularized paradigm.

    Por sapere los tèmpos et personas affectatas per cuestas irregularitates, consultate los modèllos de flexione attravèrso de los hiperligàmenes.
    To know the times and people affected by these irregularities, see the bending patterns through the hyperlinks.


Lo cambio gràfico èst evitàbile si lo vèrbo permette avantsare lo accènto:
The graphic change is avoidable if the verb allows to advance the accent:

initia (ved. Avantsamènto accentuale, plus en alto).
initia (see accentual advance, above).

Sòno [k]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [k]. The spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Sòno [g]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [g]. The spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Sòno [ʧ]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [ʧ]. The spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Nota: En plus de la forma regulare, exsiste una forma irregulare en lo paradigma traditionale de cuestos vèrbos, con geminatione pòs de vocale en la conj. 2ª: placcîa (< Lat. PLACĔAM)106; et con non palatalizzatione en la 3ª
Note : In addition to the regular form, there is an irregular form in the traditional paradigm of these verbs, with gemination after vowel in the conj. 2a: placcîa (< Lat. PLACĔAM ) 106 ; and with non-palatalization in the 3rd


106 Altrosí qualques vèrbos de la conjugatione 2ªII que presentavan una -Ĭ- en latino (como FACĬO, de FACĔRE).
106 Also some verbs of the conjugation 2aII that presented/displayed a -Ĭ- in Latin (like FACĬO, of FACĔRE).

venca (< Lat. VINCAM). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd et Non palatalizzatione plus en basso.
wreath (< Lat. VINCAM). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd et Non palatalizatione plus en basso.

marcîa (1ª sg. pres. subj.). Altrosí: scire.
march (1st sg. pres. subj.). Otherwise: scire.

Nota: Pòs de vocale (per exèmplo, glocire), en plus de la forma regulare, exsiste una forma irregulare en lo paradigma traditionale de cuestos vèrbos, con geminatione (gloccîa). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd, plus en basso.
Note : Vowel position (for example, glocire ), in addition to the regular form, there is an irregular form in the traditional paradigm of these verbs, with geminatione ( gloccîa ). Ved. Gemination without iodine , more below.

Sòno [ʤ]. La soa grafía varía ante a, o, u vs. e, i.
Sòno [ʤ]. The spelling varies before a, o, u vs. e, i.

Nota: Lo paradigma traditionale presènta una irregularitate sonòra: non palatalizzatione en la conjugatione 3ª: convèrga (Ita. converga < Lat. tardo CONVĔRGAM). Ved. Non palatalizzatione plus en basso.
Note : The traditional paradigm presents a sonorous irregularity: non palatalizzatione in the 3rd conjugation: converge ( Ita. converga < Lat. tardo CONVĔRGAM ). Ved. No lower palatalization .

Nota: Lo paradigma traditionale presènta una irregularitate sonòra: geminatione pòs vocale en la conj. 4ª: ruggîa (< Lat. RUGĬAM). Ved. Geminatione sene iòd plus en basso.
Note: The traditional paradigm presents a sound irregularity: geminatione pós vocale en la conj. 4a: ruggîa (< Lat. RUGĬAM). Ved. Gemination without iodine more down.

hay

cen

cenga (Ita. cinga)
beg (Ital. think)

Presènte de sub.
Present of sub.

o (Por. cinjo)
o (By. cinjo)

hay

cen

Presènte de ind.
Present from ind.

gere

InfinitivoInfinitive

a (Por., Cat. vença)
a (Por., Cat. win)

place

vencome

Presènte de sub.
Present of sub.

veno (Por., Cat. venço)

Presènte de ind.
Present from ind.

véncereovercome

InfinitivoInfinitive

Conj. 3ª Conj. 3ª

NEOLATINO

Paradigma regularizzato
Regularized paradigm

[ʧ], [ʤ]

NEOLATINO

Paradigma traditionale

[ʧ / k], [ʤ / g]

LATINO


[k], [g]



107 Lat. marcēre.
107 Lat. marker.

108 Lat. vul. fugire, mais Lat. fugĕre.
108 Lat. want run away, but Lat. run away

5. 5. 4. ALTERATIONES CONSONÀNTICAS (2): PER IÒD

Qualques alterationes consonànticas se deven ad una iòd proveniènte de una Ĭ aut Ĕ prevocàlicas latinas. Succède en vèrbos heredetatos (et qualques prestatos, derivatos de elles) de las conjugationes neolatinas 2ª, 3ª (exceptionalemente) et 4ª, correspondèntes ad las latinas 2ª (como PLACĒRE: PLĂCĔO), 3ª en –IO (clamata altrosí 3ª “mixta” aut 5ª; como CAPĔRE: CĂPĬO) et 4ª (como GLOCĪRE: GLŌCĬO).
Some consonantal alterations are due to an iodine coming from a Latin prevocalic Ĭ high Ĕ . It occurs in inherited verbs (and some borrowings, derivatives of them) of the Neo-Latin conjugations 2a, 3a (exceptionalemente) and 4a, corresponding to the Latin 2a (such as PLACĒRE : PLĂCĔO ), 3a – IO (otherwise called 3a" 5a; as CAPĔRE : CĂPĬO ) and 4a (as GLOCARE : GLŌCĬO ).

Affècta, en romance, lo presènte de indicativo et lo presènte de subjunctivo (et las personas de lo imperativo derivatas de cueste). Ecco la situatione en latino:
It affects, in Romance, the present indicative and the present subjunctive (and the persons of the imperative derived from this). Here is the situation in Latin:

CONJUGATIONE LATINA

2nd

3ª mixta3rd mixed

4th

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

PLACĒREPLACER

CAPĔRE

GLOCĪREGLOSSARY

PRESÈNTE DE INDICATIVO
PRESENT OF INDICATION

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

PLĂCĔOPLEASE

CĂPĬOWHAT?

GLŌCĬO

2nd

PLĂCESPLEASURE

CĂPIS

GLŌCIS

3rd

PLĂCETPLEASURE

CĂPITCAPIT

GLŌCIT

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

PLĂCĒMUSFLAGS

CĂPĪMUSCOOKIES

GLŌCĪMUS

2nd

PLĂCĒTISPLATE

CĂPĪTISCHOPPET

GLŌCĪTIS

3rd

PLĂCENTPLEASANT

CĂPIUNTCAPTAIN

GLŌCĬUNT

PRESÈNTE DE SUBJUNCTIVO
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE

1ª ps. sg. 1ª ps. sg.

PLĂCĔAMPLACĔAM

CĂPĬAMI GOT IT

GLŌCĬAM

2nd

PLĂCĔASPLEASE

CĂPĬAS

GLŌCĬAS

3rd

PLĂCĔATPLEASED

CĂPĬATOBTAINED

GLŌCĬAT

1ª ps. pl.
1st ps. pl.

PLĂCEĀMUSPLEASED

CĂPIĀMUSĂPIĀMUS

GLŌCIĀMUS

2nd

PLĂCEĀTISPLEASED

CĂPIĀTISCOPIED

GLŌCIĀTIS

3rd

PLĂCĔANTPLEASANT

CĂPĬANTCATCHER

GLŌCĬANT


Como se vede, solamente qualque(s) persona(s) de lo presènte de indicativo presentava(n) Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocàlicas en latino, et cuesto variava legèramente dependèndo de la conjugatione (en la 3ª ps. pl. de lo presènte de indicativo).109
As can be seen, only a few person(s) of the present indicative presented Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocalics in Latin, and this varied slightly depending on the conjugation (in the 3rd ps. pl. of the present indicative ). 109

En romance, la iòd proveniènte de Ĭ aut Ĕ prevocàlicas latinas se consèrva en qualques vèrbos (per exèmplo, PĀRĔO Neo. pario), mais generalemente despare. En qualonque caso, generalemente modifica la consonante precedènte geminando-la (ex: HĂBĔAM habbia), palatalizzando-la (ex: ARDĔO ardzo) aut las coas causas (ex: DŎLĔO dòllîo), como se vederà. Cuesto origina alternantias como èo pario vs. tu pares, ardzo vs. ardes, dòllîo vs. dòles.
In Romance, the iodine from Ĭ aut Ĕ Latin prevocalics is preserved in some verbs (for example, PĀRĔONeo. pario ), but generally disappears. In any case, it usually modifies the preceding consonant by geminating it (ex: HĂBĔAMhabbia ), palatalizing it (ex: ARDĔOardzo ) or the causes (ex: DŎLĔO dollîo ), as will be seen. This gives rise to alternations such as eo pario vs. you guess , ardzo vs. ardes , dollîo vs. doles .

Lo romance tènde ad eliminare cuessas alternantias (generalemente extendèndo las formas regulares, con la consonante sene modificare: ardzo, dòllîo ardo, dòlo, como ardes, dòles), aut ad eliminare la diferèntia entre conjugationes (en cueste caso, generalizzando la irregularitate en la 3ª ps. pl.: placen placcîon, como gloccîon). Per cuesto, en neolatino
Romance tends to eliminate alternating things (generally extending the regular forms, with the consonant without modifying: ardzo , dollîoardo , dolo , like ardes , doles ), or to eliminate the difference between conjugations (in this case, generalizing the irregularity in the 3rd ps.: placenplace , like gloccîon ). Therefore, in Neo-Latin


109 Lo latino presentava Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocàlicas altrosí en altros tèmpos de cuestas conjugationes. Mais de los tèmpos que continuaràn en romance, lo latino presentava Ĭ prevocàlica solamente en lo imperfècto de indicativo de la conjugatione 3ª mixta (ex: CĂPIĒBAM) et 4ª (ex: GLŌCIĒBAM); et cui non se formau una iòd, per que lo gruppo –IĒBA- se reduceu ad –eva aut –iva.
109 Latin presented Ĕ aut Ĭ prevocalics otherwise in other times of these conjugations. But of the times that will continue in Romance, the Latin presented/displayed Ĭ prevocalic only in the imperfect of indicative of the mixed 3rd conjugation (ex: CĂPIĒBAM ) and 4a (ex: GLŌCIĒBAM ); and which does not form an iodine, so that the group - IĒBA - is reduced to - eva aut - iva .

son possíbiles doos paradigmas, lo regularizzato et lo traditionale (cueste, con placen aut
two paradigms are possible, the regularized and the traditional (this, with high place

placcîon).placement).

En qualques vèrbos, lo paradigma regularizzato èst actualemente lo único exsistènte en romance. Èst lo caso de temere et partire, que han servito plus en alto (5.2.2) por presentare las conjugationes 2ª et 4ª “regulares” (pròpriamente, regularizzatas): han temo et parto, non temmio et partso (formas que fòrse exsisteron en lo passato).
In some verbs, the regularized paradigm is currently the only one existing in Romance. This is the case of temere et partire , which have served higher (5.2.2) to present the 2nd and 4th "regulares" (properly, regularized) conjugations: they have temo et parto , non temmio et partso (forms that probably existed in the past).

Nota: Lo paradigma regularizzato se èst generalizzato en romance en qualques vèrbos, como sentire: Neo. *sèntsa (correspondènte ad Lat. SENTĬAM) → Neo. sènta (Cas. sienta, Ita. sènta, Rum. simt). Altrosí: partire (*partsa parta); vestire (*vèstsa vèsta); pendere (*pèndza pènda); finire (*finnîa fina); olere (*òllîa òla); complere (*còmpllîa ? → còmpla); emplere (*empllîa ? → empla).
Note : The regularized paradigm has been generalized in Romance in some verbs, such as sentire : Neo. * sense (corresponding to Lat. SENTĬAM ) → Neo. sit ( Cas. sienta , Italy. sit , Rum. simt ). Alternatively: start (* partsapart ); dress (* dressdress ); beautiful (* beautifulbeautiful ); finish (* finishfinish ); olere (* òllîaòla ); complete (* complete ? → complete ); employ (* employ ? → employ ).


5. 5. 5. VÈRBOS CON INFIXO –ESC- / –ISC-
5. 5. 5. VERBS WITH INFIX –ESC- / –ISC-

Lo infixo –ĒSC- introduceva en los vèrbos latinos uno sènso incoativo: FLORERE vs. FLORESCERE
The infix -ĒSC- introduced in Latin verbs an incoative sense: FLORERE vs. FLORESCERE

‘initiare la floratione’. Permetteva altrosí creare vèrbos con lo sènso de procèsso aut cambio
'initiate flowering'. It also allowed to create verbs with the sense of process high change


111 Lat. vul. fugire, de Lat. clàs. fugĕre.
111 Lat. vul. fugire, from Lat. clause fugĕre.

112 Lo latino presentava una Ĭ altrosí en lo imperfècto de indicativo de la conj. 3 (AUDĬĒBAM). Non obstante, en cueste tèmpo la sequèntia ĭē fou substituita en romance primitivo per e aut i, secondo las zònas (Lausberg 1966: § 934). Lo neolatino presènta i, per essere la forma regulare.
112 Latin presented a Ĭ altrosí in the imperfect of indicative of the conj. 3 ( AUDĬĒBAM ). However, at this time the sequence ĭē was replaced in Early Romance by e aut i , according to the zones (Lausberg 1966: § 934). Neo-Latin presents i , to be the regular form.

de stato, como CRĒSCĔRE créscere’ (derivato de CRĔĀRE) aut NĬGRESCĔRE ‘devenire negro’ (derivato de lo adjectivo NĬGER). En romance, lo infixo pervive de manarias divèrsas:
of state, as CRĒSCĔRE 'to grow' (derived from CRĔĀRE) aut NĬGRESCĔRE 'to become black' (derived from the adjective NĬGER). In romance, the fixation lives in different ways:

En plus, entro una mesma lengua pòte havere-hi variatione, en lo tèmpo (per exèmplo, en sequire: Ita. ant. seguisco vs Ita. seguo) aut actualemente (en morire: Occ. morissi/mòri).
In addition, within the same language there can be variation, in the time (for example, in sequire: Italy.

Per toto cuesso, èst mellîore evitare lo fenòmeno en neolatino (quanto menos en la communicatione panlatina). Mais convène conoscere-lo.
However, it is better to avoid the phenomenon in Neo-Latin (especially in Pan-Latin communication). But it is worth knowing it.


5. 5. 6. ALTRAS ALTERNANTIAS

  1. 5. 6. 1. Vèrbos fòrtes
    5. 6. 1. Strong verbs


    113 Lo occitano presènta lo infixo plus frequèntemente (per exèmplo, altrosí en fugire: Occ. fugissi), mais non en totos los vèrbos de la conj. 4ª. De venire, tenire: Occ: veni.
    113 Occitan presents the infix more frequently (for example, altrosí en fugire: Occ. fugissi), but not in all verbs of the conj. 4a. To come, hold: Occ: come.


  1. 5. 6. 2. Dople conjugatione


5. 5. 7. MODÈLLOS CON ALTERNANTIAS
‌5. 5. 7. MODELS WITH ALTERNATIVES

En lo sequènte índice, los tipos de alternantias se remarcan con divèrsos colores: alternantias inevitàbiles, evitàbiles aut optativas (ved. § 5.5.).
In the following index, the types of alternations are marked with several colors: inevitable alternations, avoidable aut optativas (see § 5.5.).


MODÈLLOMODEL

ALTERNANTIA QUE EXEMPLIFICA
ALTERNANTY THAT EXEMPLIFIES

debàtteredebate

Fixamènto accentuale à→a
Accent fixation à→a

créderecredere

Fixamènto accentuale é→e
Accent fixation é→e

exsístereexists

Fixamènto accentuale í→i
Accent fixation í→i

rómperebreak

Fixamènto accentuale ó→o
Accent fixation ó→o

conclúdereconclude

Fixamènto accentuale ú→u
Accent fixation ú→u

ordenareI will order

Avantsamènto accentuale ´_(→´  )
Accentual advance ´_(→´ )



cambiare

Alteratione vocàlica gràfica por marcare hiato i→í
Graphic vowel alteration to mark hiatus i→í

continuarecontinuation

Alteratione vocàlica gràfica por marcare hiato u→ú
Graphic vowel alteration to mark hiatus u→ú

repètererepeat

Clausura vocàlica è→e
Vowel closure è→e


114 La forma neolatina de los passatos remotos fòrtes non ha essuto ancora definita per lo projècto Vía Neolatina.
114 The Neolatin form of the strong remote past has not yet been defined by the Vía Neolatina project.

Provisionalmente, se recommanda usare la forma regulare sèmpre.
Provisionally, if it is recommended to always use the regular form.

plòvereto rain

Clausura vocàlica ò→o
Vowel closure ò→o

sentirefeel

Apertura vocàlica e→è
Vowel opening e→è

moriredie

Apertura vocàlica o→ò
Vowel opening o→ò

terminareend

Apertura vocàlica con avantsamènto accentuale (e→è)
Vowel opening with accentual avantsamènto (e→è)

nominarenominate

Apertura vocàlica con avantsamènto accentuale (o→ò)
Vowel opening with accentual avantsamènto (o→ò)

andarego

Síncopa vocàlica CVC(→CC)
CVC vowel syncope(→CC)

bévere
her boyfriend

Síncopa vocàlica CVC(→CC) [Exèmplo 2]
CVC(→CC) vowel syncope [Example 2]



initiareto initiate

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica t→ts

cercarelook for

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ca→che

legarebind

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ga→ghe

lancîarelanciare

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica cîa→ce

conóscereto know

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ce→cîa

marcirerot

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ci→cîa

véncereovercome

Non palatalizzatione ce→cîa(/ca)
Non-palatalization ce→cîa(/ca)

placereplace

Geminatione sene iòd ce→cîa(/ccîa)

glocire

Geminatione sene iòd ci→cîa(/ccîa)
By twinning, old iòd ci→cîa(/ccîa)

arrangîare

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica gîa→ge

convèrgereconverge

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica ge→gîa

rugire

Alteratione consonàntica gràfica gi→gîa

lègerelight

Non palatalizzatione ge→gîa(/ga)
Non-palatalization ge→gîa(/ga)

mugirehave

Geminatione sene iòd gi→gîa(/ggîa)
Gemination of iodine sine→yeast(/yeast)

càperecapers

Iòd et geminatione p→p(/ppi/ccî)
Iod and twinning p→p(/ppi/ccî)

devereregion

Iòd et geminatione v→v(/bbi/jj)
Iod and twinning v→v(/bbi/jj)

parereopinion

Iòd r(→ri)

audireto hear

Palatalizzatione consonàntica sene iòd d(→dz)

arderecombustion

Palatalizzatione consonàntica sene iòd d(→dz) [Exèmplo 2]
Consonant palatalization without iodine d(→dz) [Example 2]

vedereview

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd d(→jj/ddz)
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd d(→jj/ddz)

exireto go out

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd x(→ssî)
By palatalization and consonant twinning sene iòd x(→ssî)

valerebe worth

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî)
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd l(→llî)

dolereto grieve

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 2]
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 2]

solereusually

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 3]
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 3]

volerewant

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 4]
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd l(→llî) [Ex. 4]

remanereto remain

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd n(→nnî)
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd n(→nnî)

tenerehold

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd n(→nnî) [Ex. 2]
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd n(→nnî) [Ex. 2]

venirecome

Palatalizzatione et geminatione consonànticas sene iòd n(→nnî) [Ex. 3]
By palatalization and consonant twinning, old iòd n(→nnî) [Ex. 3]


En las sequèntes tabèllas, las irregularitates se remarcan con divèrsos colores. Ved. § 2.2.
In the following tables, irregularities are highlighted with different colors. Ved. § 2.2.


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


í i i i‌in ii i‌


i i i í í iiii in i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i


115 Ved. lo significato de lo solineato en § 2. 2.
115 See the meaning of the statement in § 2. 2.

116 Ved. lo significato de lo remarcato en § 2. 2.
116 Sec. the meaning of which I have remarked in § 2. 2.


à→a



é→e



í→i



ó→o



ú→u


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

debàtt-e-re 115debate 115

créd-e-recredit-e-re

exs

st-e-re

rómp-e-re

conclúd-e-re
‌conclude-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

debatt-è-ndo 116debating 116

cred-è-ndocred-is-ndo

exs

st-è-ndost-in

romp-è-ndobreaking

conclud-è-ndohe concludes

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

debatt-è-ntedebate

cred-è-ntebeliever

exs

st-è-nte

romp-è-ntebreaking

conclud-è-nteconcludes

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

debatt-u-todebate-u-to

cred-u-to

exs

st-u-to

romp-u-to / ropto

conclud-u-to/concluso
conclud-u-to/concluded

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

debatt-odebate-o

cred-ocredo

exs

st-o

romp-obum-o

conclud-ocomplete it

debatt-e-sdebate-ace

cred-e-si think i am

exs

st-e-s

romp-e-strunk ace

conclud-e-sconcludes

debatt-edebate e

cred-ebelieve

exs

st-e

romp-ebum

conclud-ehe concludes

debàtt-e-mos

créd-e-moswe believe

exs

st-e-mos

rómp-e-mosromp-e-mos

conclúd-e-moswe conclude

debàtt-e-tes

créd-e-tes
believe yourself

exs

st-e-tes

rómp-e-tes

conclúd-e-tesyou conclude

debatt-e-n/-o-
debate-en/-o-

cred-e-n/-o-i believe

exs

st-e-n/-o-

romp-e-n/-o-romp-en/-o-

conclud-e-n/-o-
concluded-en/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

debatt-e-va/-vo
debate-e-va/-vo

cred-e-va/-vo
I believe you

exs

st-e-va/-vo

romp-e-va/-vo

conclud-e-va/-vo

debatt-e-va-s
debate-e-va-s

cred-e-va-sbelieve me

exs

st-e-va-s

romp-e-va-s
break-and-go-s

conclud-e-va-s
conclude-and-go-s

debatt-e-va
debate-or-what

cred-e-vabelieve me

exs

st-e-va

romp-e-vabreak-and-go

conclud-e-va
concludes and goes

debatt-e-va-mos
debate-e-va-mos

cred-e-va-mos
I think it's grandpa

exs

st-e-va-mos

romp-e-va-mos

conclud-e-va-mos
conclude-e-va-mos

debatt-e-va-tes
debate-e-va-tes

cred-e-va-tesI think so

exs

st-e-va-tes

romp-e-va-tes
break-and-go-tes

conclud-e-va-tes
conclude-and-go-tes

debatt-e-va-n
debate-e-va-n

cred-e-va-nbelieve me

exs

st-e-va-n

romp-e-va-n
break-and-go-n

conclud-e-va-n
conclude-and-go-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

debatt-e-idebate-ei

cred-e-ithey believe

exs

st-e-i

romp-e-iromp-ei

conclud-e-ihe concluded

debatt-e-stedebate-e-ste

cred-e-ste
I think it is

exs

st-e-ste

romp-e-ste

conclud-e-ste
conclude-and-ste

debatt-e-udebate-eu

cred-e-uI think

exs

st-e-u

romp-e-utrunk-eu

conclud-e-uI conclude

debatt-e-mmos
debate e-mmos

cred-e-mmos

exs

st-e-mmos

romp-e-mmos

conclud-e-mmos
concluded-e-mmos

debatt-e-stes
debate-e-stes

cred-e-stesI think so

exs

st-e-stesst-and-self

romp-e-stesself-break

conclud-e-stes
concluded-e-stes

debatt-e-rondebate e-ron

cred-e-ronI think so

exs

st-e-ron

romp-e-ron

conclud-e-ron
concluded-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

debatt-e-ra-o / -i
debate-e-ra-o / -i

cred-e-ra-o / -i
I believe it / -i

exs

st-e-ra-o / -i

romp-e-ra-o / -i

conclud-e-ra-o / -i

debatt-e-rà-s
debate-e-rà-s

cred-e-rà-sI think so

exs

st-e-rà-s

romp-e-rà-s

conclud-e-rà-s

debatt-e-ràdebate-e-rà

cred-e-ràI think so

exs

st-e-ràwhat's up

romp-e-rà
it will break and it will

conclud-e-rà
it will conclude

debatt-e-re-mos
debate-e-re-mos

cred-e-re-mos

exs

st-e-re-mos

romp-e-re-mos
break-and-re-mos

conclud-e-re-mos

debatt-e-re-tes
debate-e-re-tes

cred-e-re-tesI think so

exs

st-e-re-tes

romp-e-re-tes

conclud-e-re-tes
conclude-e-re-tes

debatt-e-rà-n
debate-e-rà-n

cred-e-rà-n
i think-e-rà-n

exs

st-e-rà-n

romp-e-rà-n

conclud-e-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

debatt-adebate-a

cred-aI think so

exs

st-a

romp-a

conclud-a

debatt-a-sdebate-as

cred-a-sI think so

exs

st-a-s

romp-a-s

conclud-a-s

debatt-adebate-a

cred-aI think so

exs

st-a

romp-a

conclud-a

debatt-a-mosdebate-a-mos

cred-a-mos

exs

st-a-mos

romp-a-mosromp-a-wash

conclud-a-mos
conclude-a-mos

debatt-a-tes
debate-a-thesis

cred-a-tes

exs

st-a-tes

romp-a-tes

conclud-a-tes

debatt-a-ndebate-an

cred-a-ni think

exs

st-a-n

romp-a-n

conclud-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

debatt-e-sse/-sso
debate-e-sse/-sso

cred-e-sse/-sso

exs

st-e-sse/-sso

romp-e-sse/-sso
break-e-sse/-sso

conclud-e-sse/-sso

debatt-e-sse-s
debate-e-sse-s

cred-e-sse-s

exs

st-e-sse-s

romp-e-sse-s

conclud-e-sse-s

debatt-e-ssedebate-e-sse

cred-e-sse

exs

st-e-sse

romp-e-sse
break-and-sse

conclud-e-ssehe concluded

debatt-é-sse-mos
debate-é-sse-mos

cred-é-sse-mosbelieve us

exs

st-é-sse-mos

romp-é-sse-mosbreak up

conclud-é-sse-moswe conclude

debatt-é-sse-tes
debate-é-sse-tes

cred-é-sse-tes
believe yourself

exs

st-é-sse-tes

romp-é-sse-tesbreak up

conclud-é-sse-tes
concluded-é-sse-tes

debatt-e-sse-n
debate-e-sse-n

cred-e-sse-n

exs

st-e-sse-n

romp-e-sse-n

conclud-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

debatt-e-ría/-río
debatt-e-ría/-river

cred-e-ría/-río
cred-e-ría/-river

exs

st-e-ría/-río
st-e-ría/-river

romp-e-ría/-río
romp-e-ría/-river

conclud-e-ría/-río
I would conclude

debatt-e-ría-s

cred-e-ría-s

exs

st-e-ría-s

romp-e-ría-s

conclud-e-ría-s
I would conclude

debatt-e-ría

cred-e-ría
I would believe

exs

st-e-ría

romp-e-ríawould break

conclud-e-ría
I would conclude

debatt-e-ria-mos
debate-e-ria-mos

cred-e-ria-mosbelieve us

exs

st-e-ria-mos

romp-e-ria-mos
break-and-laugh

conclud-e-ria-mos
we would conclude

debatt-e-ria-tes
debate-e-ria-tes

cred-e-ria-tes
believe yourself

exs

st-e-ria-tes

romp-e-ria-tes
break up and laugh

conclud-e-ria-tesconclude

debatt-e-ría-n

cred-e-ría-n

exs

st-e-ría-n

romp-e-ría-n

conclud-e-ría-n
I would conclude

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

debatt-e-reva/-o
debate-e-reva/-o

cred-e-reva/-o
I think it's Reva

exs

st-e-reva/-o

romp-e-reva/-o

conclud-e-reva/-o

debatt-e-reva-s
debate-e-reva-s

cred-e-reva-s
believe-e-reva-s

exs

st-e-reva-s

romp-e-reva-s

conclud-e-reva-s
concluded-e-reva-s

debatt-e-reva
debate-e-reva

cred-e-revathink-e-reva

exs

st-e-reva

romp-e-reva
dream-breaker

conclud-e-reva
conclude-and-reva

debatt-e-reva-mos
debate-e-reva-mos

cred-e-reva-mos
I think it's Reva-Mos

exs

st-e-reva-mos

romp-e-reva-mos
break-and-dream-mos

conclud-e-reva-mos
conclude-and-review

debatt-e-reva-tes
debate-e-reva-tes

cred-e-reva-tes
i think-e-reva-tes

exs

st-e-reva-tes

romp-e-reva-tes
break-and-review-test

conclud-e-reva-tes
complete-and-review

debatt-e-reva-n
debate-e-reva-n

cred-e-reva-n
believe-e-reva-n

exs

st-e-reva-n

romp-e-reva-n
break-and-go-n

conclud-e-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

-

debatt-edebate e

cred-ebelieve

exs

st-e

romp-ebum

conclud-ehe concludes

debatt-adebate-a

cred-aI think so

exs

st-a

romp-a

conclud-a

debatt-a-mosdebate-a-mos

cred-a-mos

exs

st-a-mos

romp-a-mosromp-a-wash

conclud-a-mos
conclude-a-mos

debàmust

tt-e-te

cr

éd-e-teare you

exs

st-e-te

r

ómp-e-te

conclúconcluded

d-e-tede-te

debaowe

tt-a-ntt-an

cr

ed-a-n

exs

st-a-n

r

omp-a-n

concluconcluded

d-a-n

i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i í iiii i i


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


´_(→´ )

i→í

´_(→´ )

u→ú

´_(→´ )

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

orden-a-reI will order

cambi-a-re

continu-a-recontinuation

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

orden-a-ndosorting out

cambi-a-ndo
change-of-place

continu-a-ndo
continuous-on

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

orden-a-nte
order-to-ante

cambi-a-ntechange-a-nte

continu-a-ntecontinuously

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

orden-a-to

cambi-a-to

continu-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

orden-o/órden-
order-or/order-

camb

-o/cambi--o/change-

continú-o/cont
continue-or/cont

nu-not-

orden-a-s/órden -
order-as/order -

camb

-a-s/cambi--as/change-

continú-a-s/conti
continú-as/conti

nu-not-

orden-a/órden-
order-to/order-

camb

-a/cambi--a/changes-

continú-a/cont
continue-to/cont

nu-not-

orden-a-mosorder-to-mos

cambi-a-moswe changed

continu-a-moswe continue

orden-a-tesorder-to-tes

cambi-a-teschange-a-tes

continu-a-tes

orden-a-n/órden-
order-an/order-

camb

-a-n/cambi--an/change-

continú-a-n/cont
continue-an/cont

nu-not-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

orden-a-va/-vo
order-to-go/-vo

cambi-a-va/-vo
change-to-go/-go

continu-a-va/-vo
continue-a-go/-vo

orden-a-va-s
order-to-go-s

cambi-a-va-s
change-a-va-s

continu-a-va-skeep going

orden-a-vaorder-to-go

cambi-a-vachange-a-go

continu-a-vakeep going

orden-a-va-mos
order-to-let-we

cambi-a-va-mos
change-to-let's

continu-a-va-mos
let's continue

orden-a-va-tes
order-to-go-tes

cambi-a-va-tes
change-a-va-tes

continu-a-va-teskeep-going

í iin i

íin

í iin i


í iin i


í iin i

íin

í iin i


íin


í iin i

í iin i


íin

Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes

orden-a-va-norder-a-va-n

cambi-a-va-n
change-to-go-n

continu-a-va-n
continue-a-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

orden-a-i

cambi-a-ichange-ai

continu-a-iI continued

orden-a-ste
order-to-this

cambi-a-ste
change-to-ste

continu-a-ste

orden-a-u

cambi-a-uchange-au

continu-a-uI continued

orden-a-mmos
order-to-mmos

cambi-a-mmos

continu-a-mmos

orden-a-stesorder-a-ste

cambi-a-stes
change-to-self

continu-a-stes
continue-a-stes

orden-a-ronorder-a-rum

cambi-a-ron
changed-to-rum

continu-a-ronkeep going

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

orden-a-ra-o / -i

cambi-a-ra-o / -i

continu-a-ra-o / -i

orden-a-rà-s
it will be ordered

cambi-a-rà-s
change-a-rà-s

continu-a-rà-s
continue-a-rà-s

orden-a-ràorder-a-rà

cambi-a-rà
it will change

continu-a-rà
continue-a-rà

orden-a-re-mos
order-to-re-mos

cambi-a-re-mos

continu-a-re-mos
we will continue

orden-a-re-tes
order-to-re-tes

cambi-a-re-tes

continu-a-re-tes

orden-a-rà-norder-a-rà-n

cambi-a-rà-n
change-a-rà-n

continu-a-rà-n
continue-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

orden-e/órden-
order-e/order-

camb

-e/c

ambi-

continú-e/cont
continue-and/cont

nu-not-

orden-e-s/órden-
order-is/order-

camb

-e-s/ca- am/as

mbi-over-

continú-e-s/conti
continú-es/conti

nu-not-

orden-e/órden-
order-e/order-

camb

-e/c

ambi-

continú-e/cont
continue-and/cont

nu-not-

orden-e-mosorder us

cambi-e-moslet's change

continu-e-mos
let's continue

orden-e-tes
order yourself

cambi-e-tes
changes-and-tests

continu-e-teskeep going

orden-e-n/órden-
order-in/order-

camb

-e-n/c

ambi-

continú-e-n/cont
continued-on/cont

inu-inner-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

orden-a-sse/-sso

cambi-a-sse/-sso
change-a-sse/-sso

continu-a-sse/-sso
contin-a-sse/-sso

orden-a-sse-s
order-a-sse-s

cambi-a-sse-s
change-a-sse-s

continu-a-sse-s
continue-a-sse-s

orden-a-sseorder-to-sse

cambi-a-ssechange-a-sse

continu-a-sse
continue-a-sse

orden-à-sse-mos
order-to-sse-mos

cambi-à-sse-mos

continu-à-sse-mos
continue-à-sse-mos

orden-à-sse-tes
order-to-your-own

cambi-à-sse-tes
change yourself

continu-à-sse-tes
continue-à-sse-tes

orden-a-sse-n
order-a-sse-n

cambi-a-sse-n
change-a-sse-n

continu-a-sse-n
continue-a-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

orden-a-ría/-río
order-a-ria/-river

cambi-a-ría/-río
change-a-ria/-river

continu-a-ría/-río
continue-a-ria/-river

orden-a-ría-s
order-to-ria-s

cambi-a-ría-s
change-a-ria-s

continu-a-ría-s

orden-a-ríaorder-to-ria

cambi-a-ríawould change

continu-a-ríacontinue

orden-a-ria-mos
order-to-ria-mos

cambi-a-ria-mos
we would change

continu-a-ria-mos
we would continue

orden-a-ria-tes
order-a-ria-tes

cambi-a-ria-tes
change-a-ria-tes

continu-a-ria-tes

orden-a-ría-n
order-a-ría-n

cambi-a-ría-nchange

continu-a-ría-n
continue-a-ria-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

orden-a-reva/-o
order-to-reva/-o

cambi-a-reva/-o
shift-to-reef/-o

continu-a-reva/-o
keep revising

orden-a-reva-s
order-to-reva-s

cambi-a-reva-s
change-to-reva-s

continu-a-reva-s

orden-a-reva
order-to-reva

cambi-a-reva
change-to-reva

continu-a-reva
I keep dreaming

orden-a-reva-mos
order-to-reva-mos

cambi-a-reva-mos
change-to-reva-mos

continu-a-reva-mos
we continue to revamp

orden-a-reva-tes
order-to-reva-tes

cambi-a-reva-tes
change-to-reva-tes

continu-a-reva-tes

orden-a-reva-n
order-to-reva-n

cambi-a-reva-n
change-to-dream-n

continu-a-reva-n
continue-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

orden-a/órden-
order-to/order-

camb

-a/c

ambi-

continú-a/cont
continue-to/cont

nu-not-

orden-e/órden-
order-e/order-

camb

-e/c

ambi-

continú-e/cont
continue-and/cont

nu-not-

orden-e-mosorder us

cambi-e-moslet's change

continu-e-mos
let's continue

orden-a-teorder-to-you

cambi-a-techange out

continu-a-tekeep going

orden-e-n/órden-
order-in/order-

camb

-e-n/c

ambi-

continú-e-n/cont
continued-on/cont

inu-inner-

Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs



è→e



ò→o


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

repèt-e-re
‌repeat-and-re

plòv-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

repet-è-ndo

plov-è-ndoplov-in

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

repet-è-nterepeat

plov-è-nteplov-e-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

repet-u-to

plov-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

repèt-orepeat it

plòv-oplease

repèt-e-srepeat

plòv-e-sice rain

repèt-erepeat-e

plòv-e

repèt-e-mos
repeat-and-mos

plòv-e-mos

repèt-e-tes
repeat-and-test

plòv-e-tesplease

repèt-e-n/-o-
repeat-en/-o-

plòv-e-n/-o-plòv-en/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

repet-e-va/-vo
repeat-e-va/-vo

plov-e-va/-vo

repet-e-va-s
repeat-e-va-s

plov-e-va-s

repet-e-vaI repeat it

plov-e-va

repet-e-va-mos
repeat-e-va-mos

plov-e-va-mos

repet-e-va-tes
repeat-e-va-tes

plov-e-va-tes

repet-e-va-n
repeat-e-va-n

plov-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

repet-e-ithey repeat

plov-e-iplov-ei

repet-e-steI repeat

plov-e-ste

repet-e-uI repeat

plov-e-uplov-eu

repet-e-mmosrepeat-e-mos

plov-e-mmos

repet-e-stes
repeat-e-stes

plov-e-stes
rain-it-yourself

repet-e-ronrepeat-e-ron

plov-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

repet-e-ra-o / -i

plov-e-ra-o / -i

repet-e-rà-s
repeat-e-rà-s

plov-e-rà-s

repet-e-ràrepeat-e-rà

plov-e-rà

repet-e-re-mos

plov-e-re-mos

repet-e-re-tes
repeat-e-re-tes

plov-e-re-tes

repet-e-rà-n
repeat-e-rà-n

plov-e-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

repèt-arepeat the

plòv-ait rained

repèt-a-srepeat-ace

plòv-a-splòv-as

repèt-arepeat the

plòv-ait rained

repet-a-mosrip-a-wash

plov-a-mos

repet-a-tesrepeat

plov-a-tes

repèt-a-nrepeat

plòv-a-nit will rain

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

repet-e-sse/-sso
repeat-e-sse/-sso

plov-e-sse/-sso

repet-e-sse-s
repeat-e-sse-s

plov-e-sse-s

repet-e-sserepeat-e-sse

plov-e-sse

repet-é-sse-mos
repeat-é-sse-mos

plov-é-sse-mos

repet-é-sse-tesrepeat

plov-é-sse-tes

repet-e-sse-n
repeat-e-sse-n

plov-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

repet-e-ría/-río
repet-e-ría/-rio

plov-e-ría/-río
plov-e-ría/-river

repet-e-ría-s
I would repeat myself

plov-e-ría-s

repet-e-ría
I would repeat

plov-e-ría

repet-e-ria-mos
repeat-and-repeat

plov-e-ria-mos

repet-e-ria-tes
repeat and laugh

plov-e-ria-tes

repet-e-ría-n
repeat-e-ría-n

plov-e-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

repet-e-reva/-o
repeat-e-reva/-o

plov-e-reva/-o

repet-e-reva-s
repeat-e-reva-s

plov-e-reva-s

repet-e-reva
repeat-e-reva

plov-e-reva

repet-e-reva-mos
repeat-and-dream-also

plov-e-reva-mos

repet-e-reva-tes
repeat-and-retest

plov-e-reva-tes

repet-e-reva-n
repeat-and-repeat-n

plov-e-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

repèt-erepeat-e

plòv-e

repèt-arepeat the

plòv-ait rained

rep

et-a-mos

pl

ov-a-mos

rep

èt-e-teis-and-was

pl

òv-e-te

repèt-a-nrepeat

plòv-a-nit will rain


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


e→è

o→ò

(e→è)

´_(→´  )

(o→ò)

´_(→´  )

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

sent-i-re

mor-i-re

termin-a-re

nomin-a-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

sent-i-ndo

mor-i-ndo
happy-ever-after

termin-a-ndoend-to-end

nomin-a-ndo
nominee-in-place

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

sent-i-nte

mor-i-nte

termin-a-nteterm-to-the

nomin-a-ntename-a-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

sent-i-to

mor-i-to

termin-a-to

nomin-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

sènt-ocent-o

mòr-obig-o

termin-o/tèrmin-

nomin-o/nòmin-
nomen-o/nòmin-

sènt-e-s

mòr-e-sbig-es

termin-a-s/tèrmin -
termin-as/tèrmin -

nomin-a-s/nòmin -
nomin-as/nòmin -

sènt-e

mòr-ebig it

termin-a/tèrmin-

nomin-a/nòmin-
nomin-a/nomin-

sent-i-mos

mor-i-mos

termin-a-mosfinished

nomin-a-mos

sent-i-tes

mor-i-tes

termin-a-tes
appointment-a-tes

nomin-a-tes

sènt-e-n/-o-sènt-en/-o-

mòr-e-n/-o-big-en/-o-

termin-a-n/tèrmin-
termin-an/tèrmin-

nomin-a-n/nòmin-
nomin-an/nòmin-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

sent-i-va/-vo

mor-i-va/-vo

termin-a-va/-vo

nomin-a-va/-vo

sent-i-va-ssit and go

mor-i-va-s

termin-a-va-s

nomin-a-va-s

sent-i-vasit and go

mor-i-vaI will die

termin-a-vaend-to-go

nomin-a-va

sent-i-va-mos
sit-and-go-mos

mor-i-va-mos

termin-a-va-moswe're done

nomin-a-va-mos

sent-i-va-tessit and go

mor-i-va-tesdie-and-go

termin-a-va-tes

nomin-a-va-tes


í í í íin in in in


í íin in

í íin in


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes

sent-i-va-nsit and go

mor-i-va-n

termin-a-va-nend-to-go-n

nomin-a-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

sent-

-i/sent-


mor-

-i/mor-


termin-a-iterm-ai

nomin-a-inomin-ai

sent-i-ste

mor-i-ste
mother-in-law

termin-a-ste
appointment-a-ste

nomin-a-ste

sent-i-u

mor-i-u

termin-a-uterm-au

nomin-a-uname them

sent-i-mmos

mor-i-mmos

termin-a-mmos

nomin-a-mmos

sent-i-stesyou are

mor-i-stesyou die

termin-a-stes
appointment-a-stes

nomin-a-stes

sent-i-ron

mor-i-ronI die

termin-a-ron
appointment-a-ron

nomin-a-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

sent-i-ra-o / -i

mor-i-ra-o / -i

termin-a-ra-o / -i

nomin-a-ra-o / -i
nomin-a-day-o / -i

sent-i-rà-sit will feel

mor-i-rà-sdie-i-rà-s

termin-a-rà-s

nomin-a-rà-s
nomina-a-rà-s

sent-i-ràwill feel

mor-i-rà

termin-a-ràit will end

nomin-a-rà

sent-i-re-mos

mor-i-re-mos

termin-a-re-mos
appointment-a-re-mos

nomin-a-re-mos

sent-i-re-tes

mor-i-re-tes

termin-a-re-tes
appointment-a-re-tes

nomin-a-re-tes

sent-i-rà-n

mor-i-rà-n

termin-a-rà-n

nomin-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

s

ènt-a

mòr-abig-a

termin-e/t
appointment e/t

èrmin-ermine-

nomin-e/nòmin-name-e/name-

s

ènt-a-s

mòr-a-sbig-ass

termin-e-s/tè
appointment-es/tè

rmin-

nomin-e-s/nòmin-
noun-is/noun-

s

ènt-a

mòr-abig-a

termin-e/t
appointment e/t

èrmin-ermine-

nomin-e/nòmin-name-e/name-

sent-a-mos

mor-a-mos

termin-e-moslet's finish

nomin-e-mos

sent-a-tes

mor-a-tes

termin-e-tes
appointment-e-tes

nomin-e-tesname you

s

ènt-a-n

mòr-a-nbig

termin-e-n/t
appointment-en/t

èrmin-ermine-

nomin-e-n/nòmin-
nomin-en/nòmin-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

sent-i-sse/-sso

mor-i-sse/-sso
mother-in-law

termin-a-sse/-sso
appointment-a-sse/-sso

nomin-a-sse/-sso

sent-i-sse-s

mor-i-sse-s

termin-a-sse-s
appointment-a-sse-s

nomin-a-sse-s
nomina-a-sse-s

sent-i-sse

mor-i-sse
mother-in-law

termin-a-sse
appointment-a-sse

nomin-a-ssenomina-a-sse

sent-

-sse-mos

mor-

-sse-mos

termin-à-sse-mos
end-at-sse-mos

nomin-à-sse-mos

sent-

-sse-tes

mor-

-sse-tes

termin-à-sse-tes
end-at-yourself

nomin-à-sse-tes

sent-i-sse-n

mor-i-sse-n
mother-in-law

termin-a-sse-n
appointment-a-sse-n

nomin-a-sse-n
name-to-the-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

sent-i-ría/-río

mor-i-ría/-río
mor-i-ría/-rio

termin-a-ría/-río
end-a-ria/-river

nomin-a-ría/-río
nomin-a-ría/-rio

sent-i-ría-s
feel-and-laugh

mor-i-ría-sI would die

termin-a-ría-s

nomin-a-ría-s

sent-i-ría
feel-and-laugh

mor-i-ríaI would die

termin-a-ría

nomin-a-ríanomination

sent-i-ria-mos

mor-i-ria-mos

termin-a-ria-mos
we would finish

nomin-a-ria-mos

sent-i-ria-tes

mor-i-ria-tes

termin-a-ria-tes
appointment-a-ria-tes

nomin-a-ria-tes

sent-i-ría-n
feel-and-laugh-n

mor-i-ría-n
I would die-i-would-n

termin-a-ría-n

nomin-a-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

sent-i-reva/-o

mor-i-reva/-o

termin-a-reva/-o
finish-a-reva/-o

nomin-a-reva/-o

sent-i-reva-s

mor-i-reva-s

termin-a-reva-s
appointment-a-reva-s

nomin-a-reva-s

sent-i-reva

mor-i-reva

termin-a-reva

nomin-a-reva

sent-i-reva-mos

mor-i-reva-mos

termin-a-reva-mos
we finished-to-reva-mos

nomin-a-reva-mos

sent-i-reva-tes

mor-i-reva-tes

termin-a-reva-tes

nomin-a-reva-tes
name-a-reva-tes

sent-i-reva-n

mor-i-reva-n

termin-a-reva-n

nomin-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

s

ènt-i

mòr-ibig-i

termin-a/t

èrmin-ermine-

nomin-a/nòmin-
nomin-a/nomin-

s

ènt-a

mòr-abig-a

termin-e/t
appointment e/t

èrmin-ermine-

nomin-e/nòmin-name-e/name-

sent-a-mos

mor-a-mos

termin-e-moslet's finish

nomin-e-mos

sent-i-te

mor-i-tedie

termin-a-teterm-a-te

nomin-a-te

s

ènt-a-n

mòr-a-nbig

termin-e-n/t
appointment-en/t

èrmin-ermine-

nomin-e-n/nòmin-
nomin-en/nòmin-

Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


CVC(→CC)

CVC(→CC)

é→e

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

and-a-re 117

bév-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

and-a-ndo

bev-è-ndolive-in

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

and-a-nte

bev-è-ntedrink-is-nt

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

and-a-to

bev-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

and-o

bev-o

and-a-s

bev-e-sbev-es

and-a

bev-edrink-and

and-a-mos

bév-e-mos

and-a-tes

bév-e-tesbev-e-tes

and-a-n

bev-e-n/-o-bev-en/-o-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

and-a-va/-vo

bev-e-va/-vo

and-a-va-s

bev-e-va-s
drink-and-go-s

and-a-va

bev-e-vadrink-and-go

and-a-va-mos

bev-e-va-mos

and-a-va-tes

bev-e-va-tes
drink-and-go-tes

and-a-va-n

bev-e-va-n
drink-and-go-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

and-a-i

bev-e-idrink-hey

and-a-ste

bev-e-ste

and-a-u

bev-e-ubev-eu

and-a-mmos

bev-e-mmoslive-in-mos

and-a-stes

bev-e-stes
drink-yourself

and-a-ron

bev-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

and-a-ra-o / -i /-d-r-

bev-e-ra-o / -i /-v-r-
bev-e-ra-o / -i /-vr-

and-a-rà-s/-d-r-

bev-e-rà-s/-v-r-
bev-e-rà-s/-vr-

and-a-rà/-d-r-

bev-e-rà/-v-r-
bev-e-rà/-vr-

and-a-re-mos/-d-r-

bev-e-re-mos/-v-r-
live-in-re-mos/-vr-

and-a-re-tes/-d-r-

bev-e-re-tes/-v-r-
live-in-test/-vr-

and-a-rà-n/-d-r-

bev-e-rà-n/-v-r-
drink-e-rà-n/-vr-

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

and-e

bev-ainv

and-e-s

bev-a-sbev-axis

and-e

bev-ainv

and-e-mos

bev-a-mosdrink-a-wash

and-e-tes

bev-a-tes

and-e-n

bev-a-nbev-an

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

and-a-sse/-sso

bev-e-sse/-sso


117 Cui con lo sènso de ‘camminare’. Por lo sènso de ‘vàdere, ire’, ved. vàdere.
117 Cui with the meaning of 'walking'. For the meaning of 'vadere, ire', see. go.

and-a-sse-s

bev-e-sse-s

and-a-sse

bev-e-sse
drink-and-sse

and-à-sse-mos

bev-é-sse-mos

and-à-sse-tes

bev-é-sse-tes

and-a-sse-n

bev-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

and-a-ría/-río /-d-r-
and-a-ría/-rio /-dr-

bev-e-ría/-río /-v-r-
bev-e-ría/-río /-vr-

and-a-ría-s/-d-r-

bev-e-ría-s/-v-r-
bev-e-ría-s/-vr-

and-a-ría/-d-r-

bev-e-ría/-v-r-
bev-e-ría/-vr-

and-a-ria-mos/-d-r-

bev-e-ria-mos/-v-r-
live-in-laughter-mos/-vr-

and-a-ria-tes/-d-r-

bev-e-ria-tes/-v-r-
live-in-test/-vr-

and-a-ría-n/-d-r-

bev-e-ría-n/-v-r-
bev-e-ría-n/-vr-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

and-a-reva/-o/-d-r-

bev-e-reva/-o/-v-r-
dream-living/-o/-vr-

and-a-reva-s/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-s/-v-r-
live-in-dream-s/-vr-

and-a-reva/-d-r-

bev-e-reva/-v-r-
live-action/-vr-

and-a-reva-mos/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-mos/-v-r-
live-in-dream-mos/-vr-

and-a-reva-tes/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-tes/-v-r-
live-in-dream-tests/-vr-

and-a-reva-n/-d-r-

bev-e-reva-n/-v-r-
live-in-dream-n/-vr-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

and-a

bev-edrink-and

and-e

bev-ainv

and-e-mos

bev-a-mosdrink-a-wash

and-a-te

b

év-e-teyear is it

and-e-n

b

ev-a-nhome-an


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


t→ts i→í

´_(→´ )

ca→che

ga→ghe

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

initi-a-re

cerc-a-recircle-a-re

leg-a-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

initi-a-ndo
space-heating

cerc-a-ndoclose-by

leg-a-ndoleg-spot

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

initi-a-nte

cerc-a-ntecircle-a-nte

leg-a-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

initi-a-to

cerc-a-to

leg-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

iniThis

ts

-o/in

ti-of-

cerc-oa circle

leg-o

iniThis

ts

-a-s/ini-as/this

ti-of-

cerc-a-scircle ace

leg-a-s

iniThis

ts

-a/in

ti-of-

cerc-acircle it

leg-a

initi-a-mos

cerc-a-mosclose-to-mos

leg-a-mosleg-a-wash

initi-a-tes

cerc-a-tes

leg-a-tes

iniThis

ts

-a-n/in

iti-in-

cerc-a-nclose

leg-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

initi-a-va/-vo

cerc-a-va/-vo

leg-a-va/-vo

í iin i

íin

í iin i


íin


í iin i

íin

í iin i


íin


í iin i

í iin i

initi-a-va-s

cerc-a-va-s

leg-a-va-s

initi-a-vastart

cerc-a-vacircle-a-va

leg-a-varead-a-va

initi-a-va-mos

cerc-a-va-mos
close-to-let's go

leg-a-va-mos
best-of-the-best

initi-a-va-tes

cerc-a-va-tes

leg-a-va-tesleg-a-go-tes

initi-a-va-n

cerc-a-va-n

leg-a-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

initi-a-iiniti-ai

cerc-a-icerc-ai

leg-a-i

initi-a-ste

cerc-a-stecircle-a-ste

leg-a-stelast night

initi-a-uiniti-au

cerc-a-usearch

leg-a-u

initi-a-mmos

cerc-a-mmos

leg-a-mmos

initi-a-stes

cerc-a-stes
looking for you

leg-a-stes

initi-a-ron

cerc-a-roncircle-a-ron

leg-a-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

initi-a-ra-o / -i

cerc-a-ra-o / -i

leg-a-ra-o / -i

initi-a-rà-s

cerc-a-rà-s
circle-a-rà-s

leg-a-rà-s

initi-a-rà

cerc-a-ràcircle-a-rà

leg-a-ràread-a-rà

initi-a-re-mos

cerc-a-re-mos
close-to-re-mos

leg-a-re-mos

initi-a-re-tes

cerc-a-re-tes

leg-a-re-tes

initi-a-rà-n

cerc-a-rà-n
circle-a-rà-n

leg-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

inits

-e/in

ti-of-

cer

ch

-e-It is

lethe

gh

-e-It is

inits

-e-s/ini-es/this

ti-of-

cer

ch

-e-s-es

lethe

gh

-e-s-es

inits

-e/in

ti-of-

cer

ch

-e-It is

lethe

gh

-e-It is

initi-e-mos
ear-on-the-fly

cer

ch

-e-mos

lethe

gh

-e-mos

initi-e-tes

cer

ch

-e-tes-e-you

lethe

gh

-e-tes-e-you

iniThis

ts

-e-n/in-en/in

iti-in-

cer

ch

-e-n-en

lethe

gh

-e-n-en

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

initi-a-sse/-sso

cerc-a-sse/-sso
search-a-sse/-sso

leg-a-sse/-sso

initi-a-sse-s

cerc-a-sse-s

leg-a-sse-s

initi-a-sseinit-a-sse

cerc-a-sse

leg-a-ssebest of all

initi-à-sse-mos

cerc-à-sse-mos

leg-à-sse-mos

initi-à-sse-tes

cerc-à-sse-tes

leg-à-sse-tes

initi-a-sse-n
start-to-the-n

cerc-a-sse-n

leg-a-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

initi-a-ría/-río
initi-a-ría/-rio

cerc-a-ría/-río
near-a-ria/-river

leg-a-ría/-río
leg-a-ría/-rio

initi-a-ría-s

cerc-a-ría-sfence

leg-a-ría-s

initi-a-ría

cerc-a-ríafence

leg-a-ría

initi-a-ria-mos

cerc-a-ria-mos

leg-a-ria-mos
most-a-ria-mos

initi-a-ria-tes

cerc-a-ria-tes

leg-a-ria-tes

initi-a-ría-n

cerc-a-ría-nfence

leg-a-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

initi-a-reva/-o
start revving

cerc-a-reva/-o

leg-a-reva/-o

initi-a-reva-s

cerc-a-reva-s

leg-a-reva-s

initi-a-reva

cerc-a-reva

leg-a-reva

initi-a-reva-mos

cerc-a-reva-mos
close-to-reva-mos

leg-a-reva-mos

initi-a-reva-tes

cerc-a-reva-tes
search-a-reva-tes

leg-a-reva-tes

initi-a-reva-n

cerc-a-reva-n

leg-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

iniThis

ts

-a/in

ti-of-

cerc-acircle it

leg-a

iniThis

ts

-e/in

ti-of-

cerch-e

legh-e

initi-e-mos
ear-on-the-fly

cerch-e-mos

legh-e-mos


initi-a-te

cerc-a-telook around

leg-a-temost-a-you

iniThis

ts

-e-n/in-en/in

ti-of-

cerch-e-nsearch it

legh-e-n

í iin i

Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs




cîa→ce

ce→cîa ce→cîa(/ca) ó→o
what→ca what→ca(/ca) ó→o

ci→cîa

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

lancî-a-re

conósc-e-reknow

marc-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

lancî-a-ndolance-up

conosc-è-ndo
knowing-is-doing

marc-i-ndo
mark-and-forth

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

lancî-a-ntelanciî-a-nte

conosc-è-nteacquaintance

marc-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

lancî-a-to

conos-u-to / -c-

marc-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

lancî-olaunch it

conos-o/-c-know-the/-c-

mar-omark it

lancî-a-s

conosc-e-swith us

marc-e-smarc-es

lancî-a

conosc-ehe knows

marc-ebrand-e

lancî-a-moslaunch us

conósc-e-moswith us

marc-i-mos

lancî-a-tes

conósc-e-teswith us

marc-i-tes

lancî-a-nlancî-an

conosc-e-n/--o-/-c-o-118
know-they--heaven-the-/-with-118

marc-e-n/--o-119
marc-en/-ci-o-119

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

lancî-a-va/-vo

conosc-e-va/-vo
know-and-go/-vo

marc-i-va/-vo

lancî-a-va-s

conosc-e-va-s
know-and-go-s

marc-i-va-s
frame-and-go-s

lancî-a-va
throw it away

conosc-e-vaHe knew

marc-i-vamark-and-go

lancî-a-va-moslet's go

conosc-e-va-moslet's go

marc-i-va-mos

lancî-a-va-tes
launch-a-va-tes

conosc-e-va-tes
know-and-go-tes

marc-i-va-tesmark-and-go

lancî-a-va-n

conosc-e-va-n
knows-and-goes-n

marc-i-va-nframe-and-go

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

lancî-a-i

conosc-e-iI know him

marc-

-i/marc-


lancî-a-ste

conosc-e-steknow-you

marc-i-stemark it

lancî-a-ulancî-au

conosc-e-uconosc-me

marc-i-u

lancî-a-mmos

conosc-e-mmos

marc-i-mmos

lancî-a-stes

conosc-e-stes
know-and-selves

marc-i-stes

lancî-a-ron

conosc-e-ronknow-and-ron

marc-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

lancî-a-ra-o / -i

conosc-e-ra-o / -i

marc-i-ra-o / -i

lancî-a-rà-s

conosc-e-rà-s
know-and-will-s

marc-i-rà-s

lancî-a-ràlancî-a-ra

conosc-e-ràhe will know

marc-i-rà

lancî-a-re-mos

conosc-e-re-mos

marc-i-re-mos

lancî-a-re-tes

conosc-e-re-teswith us

marc-i-re-tes

lancî-a-rà-n

conosc-e-rà-n
knows-and-will-n

marc-i-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

lanc-elance-e

conos-a/-c-know-the/-c-

mar-abrand-a

í í‌in in‌


118 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (COGNOSCUNT) èst conoscon.
118 The variant corresponding to the Latin (COGNOSCUNT) is known.

119 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (MARCENT) èst marcen.
119 The variant corresponding to the Latin (MARCENT) is marcen.


lanc-e-slanc-es

conoscîyou know

-a-s/-c-

marcîmarci

-a-s

lanc-elance-e

conoscîyou know

-a/-c-

marcîmarci

-a

lanc-e-moslaunch

conoscîyou know

-a-mos/-c-

marcîmarci

-a-mos-a-wash

lanc-e-tes
launch-and-test

conoscîyou know

-a-tes/-c-

marcîmarci

-a-tes

lanc-e-nlaunch-in

conoscîyou know

-a-n/-c-

marcîmarci

-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

lancî-a-sse/-sso

conosc-e-sse/-sso
know-e-sse/-sso

marc-i-sse/-sso

lancî-a-sse-s

conosc-e-sse-s
know-and-be-s

marc-i-sse-s

lancî-a-sse

conosc-e-ssehe knew

marc-i-sse

lancî-à-sse-mos
launched-to-sse-mos

conosc-é-sse-mos

marc-

-sse-mos

lancî-à-sse-teslaunched

conosc-é-sse-teswith us

marc-

-sse-tes

lancî-a-sse-n

conosc-e-sse-n
know-and-sse-n

marc-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

lancî-a-ría/-río
lancî-a-ría/-rio

conosc-e-ría/-río
conosc-e-ría/-river

marc-i-ría/-río
marc-i-ría/-rio

lancî-a-ría-s

conosc-e-ría-swould know

marc-i-ría-s

lancî-a-ría

conosc-e-ríawould know

marc-i-ría

lancî-a-ria-mos

conosc-e-ria-moswith us

marc-i-ria-mos

lancî-a-ria-tes

conosc-e-ria-teswith us

marc-i-ria-tes

lancî-a-ría-n

conosc-e-ría-nwould know

marc-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

lancî-a-reva/-o

conosc-e-reva/-o

marc-i-reva/-o

lancî-a-reva-s

conosc-e-reva-s

marc-i-reva-s

lancî-a-reva

conosc-e-reva
know-and-reva

marc-i-reva

lancî-a-reva-mos
launch-a-reva-mos

conosc-e-reva-mos

marc-i-reva-mos

lancî-a-reva-tes
launch-a-reva-tes

conosc-e-reva-tes
conosc-e-reva-te

marc-i-reva-tes

lancî-a-reva-n

conosc-e-reva-n
know-and-reva-n

marc-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

lancî-a

conosc-ehe knows

marc-i

lanc-elance-e

conoscîyou know

-a/-c-

marcîmarci

-a

lanc-e-moslaunch

conoscîyou know

-a-mos/-c-

marcîmarci

-a-mos-a-wash

lancî-a-telanci-a-te

conwith

ósc-e-teosc-e-te

marc-i-te

lanc-e-nlaunch-in

conwith

os-a-n/-c-osci-an/-c-

mar-a-nbrand year

í íin in



Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


ce→cîa(/ca) ce→cîa
what→ca(/ca) what→ca

é→e

ce→cîa(/ccîa) ce→cîa
ce→cia(/ccia) ce→cia

ci→cîa(/ccîa) ci→cîa
ci→cia(/ccia) ci→cia

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

vénc-e-re‌venc-e-re

plac-e-repleasure

gloc-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

venc-è-ndocoming

plac-è-ndo

gloc-i-ndoglock-i-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

venc-è-nteI sell you

plac-è-nte

gloc-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

ven-u-to / vinto
win-your-own / won

pla-u-to

gloc-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

ven-o/-c-obeat him/-co

pla-o/-ccî-o

glo-o/-ccî-o


vin

enc-e-senc

plac-e-si like you

gloc-e-sgloc-es

vin

enc-eis it enc

plac-eI like it

gloc-elock-e

vin

énc-e-mosI sing

plac-e-mos

gloc-i-mosglock-i-mos

vin

énc-e-tes

plac-e-tes

gloc-i-tes

vin

enc-e-n/--o-/-c-o-120
enc-en/-cî-o-/-co-120

plac-e-n/--o-/-ccî-o-121
plac-en/-cî-o-/-ccî-o-121

gloc-e-n/--o-/-ccî-o-122
gloc-en/-cî-o-/-ccî-o-122

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

vin

enc-e-va/-vo

plac-e-va/-voyou like it

gloc-i-va/-vo

vin

enc-e-va-s

plac-e-va-syou like it

gloc-i-va-s

vin

enc-e-vaenc-e-go

plac-e-vayou like it

gloc-i-va

vin

enc-e-va-mos

plac-e-va-mosplac-e-va-mo

gloc-i-va-mos

vin

enc-e-va-tescome on

plac-e-va-tesI like you

gloc-i-va-tes
gloc-i-go-tes

vin

enc-e-va-n

plac-e-va-nlike-e-va-n

gloc-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

vin

enc-e-ihey

plac-e-ithey like it

gloc-

-i/gloc--i/clock-


vin

enc-e-ste

plac-e-steI like it

gloc-i-ste

vin

enc-e-uenc-eu

plac-e-ulike me

gloc-i-ugloc-iu

vin

enc-e-mmos

plac-e-mmos

gloc-i-mmos

vin

enc-e-stes

plac-e-stesI like it

gloc-i-stes

vin

enc-e-ron

plac-e-ron

gloc-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

vin

enc-e-ra-o / -i

plac-e-ra-o / -i
I like it / -i

gloc-i-ra-o / -i

vin

enc-e-rà-s

plac-e-rà-sI like it

gloc-i-rà-s
glock-i-will-s

vin

enc-e-rà

plac-e-ràI like it

gloc-i-ràglock will

vin

enc-e-re-mos

plac-e-re-mos

gloc-i-re-mos

vin

enc-e-re-tes

plac-e-re-tes

gloc-i-re-tes

vin

enc-e-rà-n

plac-e-rà-nI like it

gloc-i-rà-n
glock-i-will-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

vin

encîenci

-a/-c-

placîplease

-a/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a/-ccî-

vin

encîenci

-a-s/-c-

placîplease

-a-s/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a-s/-ccî-

vin

encîenci

-a/-c-

placîplease

-a/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a/-ccî-

vin

encîenci

-a-mos/-c-

placîplease

-a-mos/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a-mos/-ccî-

vin

encîenci

-a-tes/-c-

placîplease

-a-tes/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a-tes/-ccî-

vin

encîenci

-a-n/-c-

placîplease

-a-n/-ccî--an/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a-n/-ccî--an/-ccî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

vin

enc-e-sse/-sso

plac-e-sse/-sso

gloc-i-sse/-sso

vin

enc-e-sse-s

plac-e-sse-s

gloc-i-sse-s

vin

enc-e-sse

plac-e-sseI like it

gloc-i-sse

vin

enc-é-sse-mos

plac-é-sse-mos

gloc-

-sse-mos

vin

enc-é-sse-tes

plac-é-sse-tes

gloc-

-sse-tes

vin

enc-e-sse-non enc-e-sse

plac-e-sse-n

gloc-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

vin

enc-e-ría/-río
enc-e-ría/-river

plac-e-ría/-río
plac-e-ría/-river

gloc-i-ría/-río
gloc-i-ria/-river

vin

enc-e-ría-s

plac-e-ría-s

gloc-i-ría-s

vin

enc-e-ría

plac-e-ría

gloc-i-ría

vin

enc-e-ria-mos

plac-e-ria-mos

gloc-i-ria-mos

vin

enc-e-ria-tesfill you up

plac-e-ria-tes

gloc-i-ria-tes

vin

enc-e-ría-n

plac-e-ría-n

gloc-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

í íin in


í íin in


120 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VINCUNT) èst vencon.
120 The variant corresponding to the Latin (VINCUNT) is vencon.

121 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (PLACENT) èst placen.
121 The variant corresponding to the Latin (PLACENT) is placen.

122 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (GLOCIUNT) èst gloccîon.
122 The corresponding variant to the Latin (GLOCIUNT) is gloccîon.

venc-e-reva/-o

plac-e-reva/-oI like it

gloc-i-reva/-o

venc-e-reva-s
sell-e-reva-s

plac-e-reva-s

gloc-i-reva-s

venc-e-reva
sell-and-reva

plac-e-revaI like it

gloc-i-reva

venc-e-reva-mos
sell-e-reva-mos

plac-e-reva-mos

gloc-i-reva-mos

venc-e-reva-tes
sell and dream

plac-e-reva-tes

gloc-i-reva-tes

venc-e-reva-n
sell-e-reva-n

plac-e-reva-n

gloc-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

venc-esell it

plac-eI like it

gloc-iclock-i

vencîVenci

-a/-c-

placîplease

-a/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a/-ccî-

vencîVenci

-a-mos/-c-

placîplease

-a-mos/-ccî-

glocîglottis

-a-mos/-ccî-

vin

énc-e-team i you

plac-e-tei like you

gloc-i-teshut up

vin

en-a-n/-c-

pla-a-n/-ccî-

glo-a-n/-ccî-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


gîa→ge

ge→gîa è→e

gi→gîa gi→gîa(/ggîa)

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

arrangî-a-re

convèrg-e-re
converge-and-re

rug-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

arrangî-a-ndoarrange-in

converg-è-ndoconverging

rug-i-ndoback rug

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

arrangî-a-nte
arrange-a-nte

converg-è-nteconverge

rug-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

arrangî-a-to

conver-u-to / -g- / convèrso

rug-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

arrangî-o

convèr-o/-g-
converge-the/-g-

ru-o/-ggî-

arrangî-a-s

convèrg-e-sconverges

rug-e-sback-es

arrangî-a

convèrg-econverge-e

rug-eback-e

arrangî-a-mos

convèrg-e-mos
converge-and-mos

rug-i-mos

arrangî-a-tes

convèrg-e-tes
converge-and-test

rug-i-tes

arrangî-a-n

convèrg-e-n/--o-/-g-o-123
converge-en/-give-the-/-go-123

rug-e-n/--o-/-ggî-o-124
rug-en/-gî-o-/-ggî-o-124

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

arrangî-a-va/-vo

converg-e-va/-vo
converge-e-va/-vo

rug-i-va/-vo

arrangî-a-va-s

converg-e-va-s
converge-e-va-s

rug-i-va-s

arrangî-a-va

converg-e-va
converge it will

rug-i-va

arrangî-a-va-mos
let's get going

converg-e-va-mos
converge-e-va-mos

rug-i-va-mos

arrangî-a-va-tes
arranged-to-go

converg-e-va-tes
converge-e-va-tes

rug-i-va-tes

arrangî-a-va-n

converg-e-va-n
converge-e-va-n

rug-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

arrangî-a-i

converg-e-i
they converge

rug-

-i/rug-


arrangî-a-ste

converg-e-ste
converge-e-ste

rug-i-ste

arrangî-a-u

converg-e-uI converge

rug-i-uback-iu

arrangî-a-mmos

converg-e-mmos
converge-e-mmos

rug-i-mmos

arrangî-a-stes

converg-e-stes
converge-e-stes

rug-i-stes

arrangî-a-ron

converg-e-ron
converge-e-ron

rug-i-ronrug-and-ron

í í‌in in‌


123 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (CONVERGUNT) èst convèrgon.
123 The variant corresponding to the Latin (CONVERGUNT) is convergon.

124 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (RUGIUNT) èst ruggîon.
124 The Latin variant (RUGIUNT) is ruggîon.

FUTUROFUTURE

arrangî-a-ra-o / -i arrangî-a-rà-s arrangî-a-rà arrangî-a-re-mos arrangî-a-re-tes arrangî-a-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE

arrang-e arrang-e-s arrang-e arrang-e-mos arrang-e-tes arrang-e-n
arrang-e arrang-es arrang-e arrang-e-mos arrang-e-tes arrang-en

PASS. IMPERF.

arrangî-a-sse/-sso arrangî-a-sse-s arrangî-a-sse arrangî-à-sse-mos arrangî-à-sse-tes arrangî-a-sse-n
arrange-a-sse/-sso arrange-a-sse-s arrange-a-sse arrange-à-sse-mos arrange-à-sse-tes arrange-a-sse-n

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

arrangî-a-ría/-río arrangî-a-ría-s arrangî-a-ría arrangî-a-ria-mos arrangî-a-ria-tes arrangî-a-ría-n
arrangî-a-ría/-rio arrangî-a-ría-s arrangî-a-ría arrangî-a-ria-mos arrangî-a-ria-tes arrangî-a-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

arrangî-a-reva/-o arrangî-a-reva-s arrangî-a-reva arrangî-a-reva-mos arrangî-a-reva-ges arrangî-a-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

arrangî-a arrang-e arrang-e-mos arrangî-a-te arrang-e-n

FUTUROFUTURE

converg-e-ra-o / -i converg-e-rà-s converg-e-rà converg-e-re-mos converg-e-re-tes converg-e-rà-n
converge-e-ra-o / -i converge-e-rà-s converge-e-rà converge-e-re-mos converge-e-re-tes converge-e-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE

convèrgî-a/-g- convèrgî-a-s/-g- convèrgî-a/-g- convergî-a-mos/-g- convergî-a-tes/-g- convèrgî-a-n/-g-

PASS. IMPERF.

converg-e-sse/-sso converg-e-sse-s converg-e-sse converg-é-sse-mos converg-é-sse-tes converg-e-sse-n
converge-e-sse/-sso converge-e-sse-s converge-e-sse converge-é-sse-mos converge-é-sse-tes converge-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

converg-e-ría/-río converg-e-ría-s converg-e-ría converg-e-ria-mos converg-e-ria-tes converg-e-ría-n
converg-e-ría/-río converge-e-ría-s

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

converg-e-reva/-o converg-e-reva-s converg-e-reva converg-e-reva-mos converg-e-reva-tes converg-e-reva-n
converge-e-reva/-o converge-e-reva-s converge-e-reva converge-e-reva-mos converge-e-reva-tes converge-e-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

convèrg-e convèrgî-a/-g-
converge-e converge-a/-g-

conver-a-mos/-g- convèrg-e-te convèr-a-n/-g-
converge-to-mos/-g- converge-and-you converge-year/-g-

FUTUROFUTURE

rug-i-ra-o / -i rug-i-rà-s

rug-i-ràroar

rug-i-re-mos rug-i-re-tes rug-i-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE

rugî-a/-ggî- rugî-a-s/-ggî- rugî-a/-ggî-

rugî-a-mos/-ggî- rugî-a-tes/-ggî- rugî-a-n/-ggî-

PASS. IMPERF.

rug-i-sse/-sso rug-i-sse-s rug-i-sse

rug-í-sse-mos rug-í-sse-tes rug-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

rug-i-ría/-río rug-i-ría-s rug-i-ría
rug-i-ría/-river rug-i-ría-s rug-i-ría

rug-i-ria-mos rug-i-ria-tes rug-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

rug-i-reva/-o rug-i-reva-s rug-i-reva

rug-i-reva-mos rug-i-reva-tes rug-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

rug-i

rugî-a/-ggî-

ru-a-mos/-ggî- rug-i-te

ru-a-n/-ggî-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


ge→gîa(/ga) ge→gîa

è→e

gi→gîa(/ggîa) gi→gîa


íin


125 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (LEGUNT) èst lègon.
125 The variant corresponding to the Latin (LEGUNT) is legend.

126 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (MUGIUNT) èst muggîon.
126 The corresponding variant to the Latin (MUGIUNT) is muggîon.

mug-

leg-e-i

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

mug-i-mos

muin

mug-i-tes

leg-è-ndoread-around

mug-e

lèg-elegacy

mug-e-s

lèg-e-slegacy

gî-a/-ggî- gî-a-s/-ggî- gî-a/-ggî-
gî-a/-ggî- gî-as/-ggî- gî-a/-ggî-

gî-a-mos/-ggî- gî-a-tes/-ggî- gî-a-n/-ggî-
gî-a-mos/-ggî- gî-a-tes/-ggî- gî-an/-ggî-

mu-o/-ggî-

í-i/mug-i-i/mug-

leg-e-ste

mug-i-ste

legî-u-to / lècto

mug-i-ndomug-do

mug-e-n/--o-/-ggî-o-
mug-en/-gî-o-/-ggî-o-

126

PASS. IMPERF.

leg-e-va/-vo

mug-i-va/-vo

leg-e-va-s
read-and-go-s

mug-i-va-s

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

mug-i-va

mug-i-va-mos

mug-i-va-tes mug-i-va-n

leg-e-va-mos
most-is-va-mos

leg-e-va-tes leg-e-va-n

mug-i-ra-o / -i

leg-e-ron

mug-i-stes

leg-e-stes

mug-i-mmos

leg-e-mmos

mug-i-u

mug-i-rà-n

mug-i-sse

mug-i-ron

leg-e-rà-sread-e-rà-s

mug-i-rà-s

leg-e-ràread-and-ra

mug-i-rà

leg-e-re-mos

mug-i-re-mos

leg-e-re-tes

mug-i-sse/-sso

legî-a-tes/-g-

leg-e-u

muin

-a-n/-g-

muin

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

leg-e-sse/-sso

mug-i-re-tes

leg-e-sse-s

mug-i-sse-s

leg-e-sseread-and-sse

leg-e-ra-o / -i

leg-é-sse-mos

mug-

FUTUROFUTURE

PARTICIP. PASS.

PASS. IMPERF.

mug-i-re

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

leg-e-varead-and-go

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

leg-è-nteread-and-nte

mug-i-nte

í-sse-mosin-sse-mos

PARTICIP. PASS.

lèg-e-mosleg-e-mos

lèg-e-re
bequeath-and-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

lèg-e-teslegacy

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

-o/-g-o

lèg-e-n/--o-/-g-o-125
lèg-en/-gi-o-/-go-125

mug-i-to

legî-a-mos/-g-

muin

-a/-g-

muin

-a-s/-g-

muin

-a/-g-

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

FUTUROFUTURE

leg-e-rà-nread-e-rà-n

leg-é-sse-tes

mug-

-sse-tes

leg-e-sse-n

mug-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

leg-e-ría/-río
leg-e-ría/-river

mug-i-ría/-río
mug-i-ria/-river

leg-e-ría-sread-e-ría-s

mug-i-ría-s

leg-e-ría
read-and-read

mug-i-ría

leg-e-ria-mos

mug-i-ria-mos

leg-e-ria-tes

mug-i-ria-tes

leg-e-ría-n

mug-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

leg-e-reva/-odream-leg/s

mug-i-reva/-o

leg-e-reva-s

mug-i-reva-s

leg-e-reva
read-and-dream

mug-i-reva

leg-e-reva-mos
read-and-dream-us

mug-i-reva-mos

leg-e-reva-tes
read-and-review-test

mug-i-reva-tes

leg-e-reva-n
read-and-dream-n

mug-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

lèg-elegacy

mug-i

-a/-g-

mugî-a/-ggî-

legî-a-mos/-g-

mu-a-mos/-ggî-

lèg-e-telegacy

mug-i-te

-a-n/-g-

mu-a-n/-ggî-

íin


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


p→p(/ppi/ccî) à→a

CVC(→CC)

v→v(/bbi/jj)v→v(/bbi/yy)


CVC(→CC)

r→r(/ri)


CVC(→CC)

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

càp-e-recap-e-re

dev-e-re

par-e-reopinion

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

cap-è-ndo 127

dev-è-ndoit must be

par-è-ndopar-in-place

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

cap-è-ntecap-and-nte

dev-è-ntemust-and-nte

par-è-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

cap-u-to

dev-u-to

par-u-topair-in-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cap-o/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-o/-bbi-/-jj-

par-o/-ri-

cap-e-scap-e.g

dev-e-sdev-es

par-e-spar-es

cap-echap-e

dev-e

par-efather

càp-e-moscà-e-mos

dev-e-mos

par-e-mosstop

càp-e-tescáp-e-tes

dev-e-tes

par-e-tesgo away

cap-e-n/-o-/-ppi-o-/-ccî-o-128

dev-e-n/-o-/-bbi-o-/-jj-o-129
dev-en/-o-/-bbi-o-/-jj-o-129

par-e-n/-o-/-ri-o-130
par-en/-o-/-ri-o-130

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.


127 Ved. lo significato de lo remarcato en § 2. 2.
127 Sec. the meaning of which I have remarked in § 2. 2.

128 Las variantes correspondèntes ad lo latino (CAPIUNT) son cappion/caccîon.
128 The variants corresponding to the Latin (CAPIUNT) are cappion/caccîon.

129 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (DEBENT) èst deven.
129 The variant corresponding to the Latin (DEBENT) is deven.

130 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (PARENT) èst paren.
130 The corresponding variant to the Latin (PARENT) is paren.

cap-e-va/-vo

dev-e-va/-vo

par-e-va/-voby-e-va/-vo

cap-e-va-s

dev-e-va-s

par-e-va-s

cap-e-vacap-and-go

dev-e-va

par-e-vafor-and-go

cap-e-va-mos

dev-e-va-mos

par-e-va-mos

cap-e-va-tes

dev-e-va-tes

par-e-va-tesgo

cap-e-va-n

dev-e-va-n

par-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

cap-e-ichap-hey

dev-e-idev-ei

par-e-ifor-this

cap-e-ste

dev-e-ste

par-e-ste

cap-e-ucap-eu

dev-e-udev-eu

par-e-uby me

cap-e-mmos

dev-e-mmosdev-e-mos

par-e-mmos

cap-e-stesself-cap

dev-e-stes

par-e-stesby-itself

cap-e-ron

dev-e-ron

par-e-ronpar-and-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

cap-e-ra-o / -i/-p-r-

dev-e-ra-o / -i /-v-r-
dev-e-ra-o / -i /-vr-

par-e-ra-o / -i /-r-r-
par-e-ra-o / -i /-rr-

cap-e-rà-s/-p-r-
cap-e-rà-s/-pr-

dev-e-rà-s/-v-r-
dev-e-rà-s/-vr-

par-e-rà-s/-r-r-
par-e-rà-s/-rr-

cap-e-rà/-p-r-
cap-e-rà/-pr-

dev-e-rà/-v-r-
dev-e-rà/-vr-

par-e-rà/-r-r-
par-e-rà/-rr-

cap-e-re-mos/-p-r-

dev-e-re-mos/-v-r-
dev-e-re-mos/-vr-

par-e-re-mos/-r-r-
par-e-re-mos/-rr-

cap-e-re-tes/-p-r-

dev-e-re-tes/-v-r-
dev-e-re-tes/-vr-

par-e-re-tes/-r-r-
by-and-retest/-rr-

cap-e-rà-n/-p-r-
cap-e-rà-n/-pr-

dev-e-rà-n/-v-r-
dev-e-rà-n/-vr-

par-e-rà-n/-r-r-
par-e-rà-n/-rr-

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

cap-a/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a/-ri-

cap-a-s/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-s/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-s/-ri-par-as/-ri-

cap-a/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a/-ri-

cap-a-mos/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-mos/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-mos/-ri-

cap-a-tes/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-tes/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-tes/-ri-

cap-a-n/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-n/-bbi-/-jj-
dev-an/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-n/-ri-par-an/-ri-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

cap-e-sse/-sso

dev-e-sse/-sso

par-e-sse/-sso

cap-e-sse-s

dev-e-sse-s

par-e-sse-s

cap-e-sse

dev-e-sse

par-e-sse

cap-é-sse-mos

dev-é-sse-mosdev-é-se-mos

par-é-sse-mos

cap-é-sse-tes

dev-é-sse-tesowe-if-you

par-é-sse-tes

cap-e-sse-n

dev-e-sse-n

par-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

cap-e-ría/-río/-p-r-
cap-e-ría/-rio/-pr-

dev-e-ría/-río /-v-r-
dev-e-ría/-river /-vr-

par-e-ría/-río /-r-r-
par-e-ría/-river /-rr-

cap-e-ría-s/-p-r-
cap-e-ría-s/-pr-

dev-e-ría-s/-v-r-
dev-e-ría-s/-vr-

par-e-ría-s/-r-r-
par-e-ría-s/-rr-

cap-e-ría/-p-r-
cap-e-ría/-pr-

dev-e-ría/-v-r-
dev-e-ría/-vr-

par-e-ría/-r-r-
par-e-ría/-rr-

cap-e-ria-mos/-p-r-
cap-e-ria-mos/-pr-

dev-e-ria-mos/-v-r-
dev-e-ria-mos/-vr-

par-e-ria-mos/-r-r-
stop-e-ria-mos/-rr-

cap-e-ria-tes/-p-r-
cap-e-ria-tes/-pr-

dev-e-ria-tes/-v-r-
dev-e-ria-test/-vr-

par-e-ria-tes/-r-r-
par-e-ria-tests/-rr-

cap-e-ría-n/-p-r-
cap-e-ría-n/-pr-

dev-e-ría-n/-v-r-
dev-e-ría-n/-vr-

par-e-ría-n/-r-r-
par-e-ría-n/-rr-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

cap-e-reva/-o/-p-r-

dev-e-reva/-o/-v-r-
dev-e-reva/-o/-vr-

par-e-reva/-o/-r-r-
pair-of-dreams/-o/-rr-

cap-e-reva-s/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-s/-v-r-
dev-e-reva-s/-vr-

par-e-reva-s/-r-r-
par-e-reva-s/-rr-

cap-e-reva/-p-r-

dev-e-reva/-v-r-
dev-e-reva/-vr-

par-e-reva/-r-r-
pair-of-dreams/-rr-

cap-e-reva-mos/-p-r-
cap-e-reva-mos/-pr-

dev-e-reva-mos/-v-r-
dev-e-reva-mos/-vr-

par-e-reva-mos/-r-r-
par-e-reva-mos/-rr-

cap-e-reva-tes/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-tes/-v-r-
dev-e-reva-tes/-vr-

par-e-reva-tes/-r-r-
by-and-review-tests/-rr-

cap-e-reva-n/-p-r-

dev-e-reva-n/-v-r-
dev-e-reva-n/-vr-

par-e-reva-n/-r-r-
par-e-reva-n/-rr-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

cap-echap-e

dev-e

par-efather

cap-a/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a/-ri-

cathat

p-a-mos/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-mos/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-mos/-ri-

tomato

p-e-tebe-the

dev-e-te

par-e-tewall

cathat

p-a-n/-ppi-/-ccî-

dev-a-n/-bbi-/-jj-
dev-an/-bbi-/-jj-

par-a-n/-ri-par-an/-ri-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs



d(→dz) CVC(→CC)

d(→dz) CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz) CVC(→CC)

x(→ssî) e→è

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

aud-i-re

ard-e-re

ved-e-reby-e-re

ex-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

aud-i-ndo

ard-è-ndoard-in-place

ved-è-ndoI'll see

ex-i-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

aud-i-nte

ard-è-nteard-and-nte

ved-è-ntesee-and-nte

ex-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

aud-i-to

ard-u-to / arso

ved-u-to / visto

ex-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

aud-o / audz-

ard-o /ardz-

ved-o / vejj- / veddz-

èx-o 131/ èssî-

aud-e-saud-es

ard-e-sard-es

ved-e-sknow-ace

èx-e-s

aud-e

ard-e

ved-eby-e

èx-e

aud-i-mos

ard-e-mos

ved-e-mosat-e-moss

ex-i-mos

aud-i-tes

ard-e-tes

ved-e-tesat-e-tes

ex-i-tes

aud-e-n/-d-o-/-dz-o-132
aud-en/-do-/-dz-o-132

ard-e-n/-d-o-/-dz-o-133
ard-en/-do-/-dz-o-133

ved-e-n/-d-o-/-jj-o-/- ddz-o-134
ved-en/-do-/-jj-o-/- ddz-o-134

èx-e-n/èx-o-/èssî-o-135
èx-en/èx-o-/èssî-o-135

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

aud-i-va/-voI hear you

ard-e-va/-vo

ved-e-va/-vosee-e-va/-vo

ex-i-va/-vo

aud-i-va-s
I'll hear you

ard-e-va-s

ved-e-va-ssee-e-va-s

ex-i-va-s

aud-i-vaI hear you

ard-e-vait will burn

ved-e-vasee it

ex-i-va

aud-i-va-mos

ard-e-va-mos

ved-e-va-mosat-e-va-moss

ex-i-va-mos

aud-i-va-tes

ard-e-va-tes

ved-e-va-tesat-e-va-tes

ex-i-va-tes

aud-i-va-n

ard-e-va-n

ved-e-va-nsee-e-va-n

ex-i-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

aud-

-i/od--and/from-


ard-e-i

ved-e-iknow-no

ex-

-i/ex-


aud-i-steI hear them

ard-e-ste

ved-e-steat-e-ste

ex-i-steex-and-you

aud-i-u

ard-e-uard-eu

ved-e-ui see

ex-i-u

aud-i-mmos

ard-e-mmos

ved-e-mmosved-e-mos

ex-i-mmos

aud-i-stes

ard-e-stes

ved-e-stesat-e-stes

ex-i-stes

aud-i-ron

ard-e-ronburn-e-ron

ved-e-ronby-e-ron

ex-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

aud-i-ra-o / -i /-d-r-

ard-e-ra-o / -i /-d-r-
ard-e-ra-o / -i /-dr-

ved-e-ra-o / -i /-d-r-
ved-e-ra-o / -i /-dr-

ex-i-ra-o / -i

aud-i-rà-s/-d-r-
aud-i-rà-s/-dr-

ard-e-rà-s/-d-r-
ard-e-rà-s/-dr-

ved-e-rà-s/-d-r-
ved-e-rà-s/-dr-

ex-i-rà-s

aud-i-rà/-d-r-
aud-i-rà/-dr-

ard-e-rà/-d-r-
ard-e-rà/-dr-

ved-e-rà/-d-r-
ved-e-rà/-dr-

ex-i-rà

aud-i-re-mos/-d-r-

ard-e-re-mos/-d-r-

ved-e-re-mos/-d-r-
at-e-re-mos/-dr-

ex-i-re-mos

aud-i-re-tes/-d-r-

ard-e-re-tes/-d-r-

ved-e-re-tes/-d-r-
at-e-re-tes/-dr-

ex-i-re-tes

aud-i-rà-n/-d-r-
aud-i-rà-n/-dr-

ard-e-rà-n/-d-r-
ard-e-rà-n/-dr-

ved-e-rà-n/-d-r-
ved-e-rà-n/-dr-

ex-i-rà-n

í í í í
‌in in in in‌‌‌


131 La regularizzatione se tròpa en sardo (bessire): besso indicativo, bessa subjunctivo.
131 The regularization is tropa in Sardinian (bessire): indicative besso, subjunctive bessa.

132 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (AUDĬUNT) èst audzon.
132 The variant corresponding to the Latin (AUDĬUNT) is audzon.

133 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (ARDENT) èst arden.
133 The variant corresponding to the Latin (ARDENT) is arden.

134 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VIDENT) èst veden.
134 The variant corresponding to the Latin (VIDENT) is seen.

135 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (EXEUNT) èst èssîon.
135 The variant corresponding to the Latin (EXEUNT) is èssîon.


SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

aud-a / audz-

ard-a / ardz-

ved-a / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a / èssî-

aud-a-s / audz-
aud-as / aud-

ard-a-s / ardz-

ved-a-s / vejj- / veddz-
ved-as / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a-s / èssî-

aud-a / audz-

ard-a / ardz-

ved-a / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a / èssî-

aud-a-mos / audz-

ard-a-mos / ardz-

ved-a-mos / vejj-/ veddz-

ex-a-mos / essî-

aud-a-tes / audz-
aud-a-tes / aud-

ard-a-tes / ardz-

ved-a-tes / vejj- / veddz-

ex-a-tes / essî-

aud-a-n / audz-
aud-an / audz-

ard-a-n / ardz-

ved-a-n / vejj- / veddz-
ved-an / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a-n / èssî-
èx-an / èssî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

aud-i-sse/-sso

ard-e-sse/-sso

ved-e-sse/-sso
at-e-sse/-sso

ex-i-sse/-sso

aud-i-sse-s

ard-e-sse-s

ved-e-sse-sat-e-sse-s

ex-i-sse-s

aud-i-sse

ard-e-sse

ved-e-sseat-e-sse

ex-i-sse

aud-

-sse-mos

ard-é-sse-mos

ved-é-sse-mos
see-we-sse-mos

ex-

-sse-mos

aud-

-sse-tes

ard-é-sse-tes

ved-é-sse-tessee you

ex-

-sse-tes

aud-i-sse-n

ard-e-sse-n

ved-e-sse-nat-e-sse-n

ex-i-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

aud-i-ría/-río /-d-r-
aud-i-ría/-río /-dr-

ard-e-ría/-río /-d-r-
ard-e-ría/-river /-dr-

ved-e-ría/-río /-d-r-
ved-e-ría/-river /-dr-

ex-i-ría/-río
ex-i-ría/-rio

aud-i-ría-s/-d-r-

ard-e-ría-s/-d-r-
ard-e-ría-s/-dr-

ved-e-ría-s/-d-r-
ved-e-ría-s/-dr-

ex-i-ría-s

aud-i-ría/-d-r-
aud-i-ría/-dr-

ard-e-ría/-d-r-
ard-e-ría/-dr-

ved-e-ría/-d-r-
ved-e-ría/-dr-

ex-i-ría

aud-i-ria-mos/-d-r-

ard-e-ria-mos/-d-r-
ard-e-ria-mos/-dr-

ved-e-ria-mos/-d-r-
ved-e-ria-mos/-dr-

ex-i-ria-mos

aud-i-ria-tes/-d-r-

ard-e-ria-tes/-d-r-
ard-e-ria-tes/-dr-

ved-e-ria-tes/-d-r-
ved-e-ria-tes/-dr-

ex-i-ria-tes

aud-i-ría-n/-d-r-
aud-i-ría-n/-dr-

ard-e-ría-n/-d-r-
ard-e-ría-n/-dr-

ved-e-ría-n/-d-r-
ved-e-ría-n/-dr-

ex-i-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

aud-i-reva/-o/-d-r-

ard-e-reva/-o/-d-r-
ard-e-reva/-o/-dr-

ved-e-reva/-o/-d-r-
ved-e-reva/-o/-dr-

ex-i-reva/-o

aud-i-reva-s/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-s/-d-r-
ard-e-reva-s/-dr-

ved-e-reva-s/-d-r-
ved-e-reva-s/-dr-

ex-i-reva-s

aud-i-reva/-d-r-

ard-e-reva/-d-r-
ard-e-reva/-dr-

ved-e-reva/-d-r-
see-and-dream/-dr-

ex-i-reva

aud-i-reva-mos/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-mos/-d-r-
ard-e-reva-mos/-dr-

ved-e-reva-mos/-d-r-
see-and-dream-mos/-dr-

ex-i-reva-mos

aud-i-reva-tes/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-tes/-d-r-
ard-e-reva-tes/-dr-

ved-e-reva-tes/-d-r-
see-and-dream-test/-dr-

ex-i-reva-tes

aud-i-reva-n/-d-r-

ard-e-reva-n/-d-r-
ard-e-reva-n/-dr-

ved-e-reva-n/-d-r-
ved-e-reva-n/-dr-

ex-i-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

aud-i

ard-e

ved-eby-e

èx-i

aud-a / audz-

ard-a / ardz-

ved-a / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a / èssî-

aud-a-mos / audz-

ard-a-mos / ardz-

ved-a-mos / vejj- /veddz-

ex-a-mos / essî-

aud-i-teI hear you

ard-e-te

ved-e-tesee you

ex-i-te

aud-a-n / audz-
aud-an / audz-

ard-a-n / ardz-

ved-a-n / vejj- / veddz-
ved-an / vejj- / veddz-

èx-a-n / èssî-
èx-an / èssî-

í íin in

í íin in


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

o→ò

l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

o→ò

l(→llî) CVC(→CC)

o→ò

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

val-e-re

dol-e-re

sol-e-re

vol-e-rewant

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

val-è-ndo
valley-in-place

dol-è-ndo

sol-è-ndosun-in-place

vol-è-ndofly-in

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

val-è-nteworth it

dol-è-nte

sol-è-nte

vol-è-ntewant-and-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

val-u-to

dol-u-to

sol-u-to

vol-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

val-o / vallî-136

dòl-o / dòllî-

sòl-o / sòllî-
soil-o / soil-

vòl-o / vòllî-
vol-o / vollî-

val-e-sval-es

dòl-e-sdol-es

sòl-e-sground-east

vòl-e-swant-is

val-eOK

dòl-ehe will go

sòl-eground-e

vòl-eflight-and

val-e-mos

dol-e-mos

sol-e-mos

vol-e-mos

val-e-tes

dol-e-tes

sol-e-tessun-and-you

vol-e-tes

val-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-137
val-en/-lo-/-llî-o-137

dòl-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-138
hurt-en/-it-/-they-the-138

sòl-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-139
sun-en/-it-/-there-the-139

vòl-e-n/-l-o-/-llî-o-140
do-they-want-it-/-there-it-140

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

val-e-va/-vo

dol-e-va/-vo

sol-e-va/-vo

vol-e-va/-vo

val-e-va-s

dol-e-va-s

sol-e-va-s

vol-e-va-s

val-e-va

dol-e-va

sol-e-va

vol-e-vahe wanted

val-e-va-moswhat is it?

dol-e-va-mos

sol-e-va-mos

vol-e-va-moslet's go

val-e-va-tes

dol-e-va-tes

sol-e-va-tes

vol-e-va-tes

val-e-va-n

dol-e-va-n

sol-e-va-n

vol-e-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

val-e-ival-ei

dol-e-i

sol-e-isun-ei

vol-e-ivol-ei

val-e-ste

dol-e-steyou're down

sol-e-stesun-and-ste

vol-e-steox-e-ste

val-e-u

dol-e-ugo-eu

sol-e-usun-me

vol-e-uvol-eu

val-e-mmoswhat is it?

dol-e-mmos

sol-e-mmos

vol-e-mmos

val-e-stes

dol-e-stesself-doubt

sol-e-stessun-e-stes

vol-e-stesyou want

val-e-ron

dol-e-ron

sol-e-ron

vol-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

val-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-

dol-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-
dol-e-ra-o / -i /-lr-

sol-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-
sol-e-ra-o / -i /-lr-

vol-e-ra-o / -i /-l-r-
vol-e-ra-o / -i /-lr-

val-e-rà-s/-l-r-
val-e-rà-s/-lr-

dol-e-rà-s/-l-r-
dol-e-rà-s/-lr-

sol-e-rà-s/-l-r-
sol-e-rà-s/-lr-

vol-e-rà-s/-l-r-
vol-e-rà-s/-lr-

val-e-rà/-l-r-
val-e-rà/-lr-

dol-e-rà/-l-r-
pain-will/-lr-

sol-e-rà/-l-r-
sol-e-rà/-lr-

vol-e-rà/-l-r-
vol-e-rà/-lr-

val-e-re-mos/-l-r-
val-e-re-mos/-lr-

dol-e-re-mos/-l-r-

sol-e-re-mos/-l-r-
sol-e-re-mos/-lr-

vol-e-re-mos/-l-r-

val-e-re-tes/-l-r-

dol-e-re-tes/-l-r-

sol-e-re-tes/-l-r-
sol-e-re-tes/-lr-

vol-e-re-tes/-l-r-

val-e-rà-n/-l-r-
val-e-rà-n/-lr-

dol-e-rà-n/-l-r-
go-e-rà-n/-lr-

sol-e-rà-n/-l-r-
sol-e-rà-n/-lr-

vol-e-rà-n/-l-r-
vol-e-rà-n/-lr-

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

val-a / vallî-

dòl-a / dòllî-

sòl-a/ sòllî-
soil-a/ soil-

vòl-a / vòllî-
vol-a / vollî-

val-a-s / vallî-

dòl-a-s / dòllî-
dòl-as / dòllî-

sòl-a-s/ sòllî-
soil-as/ soil-

vòl-a-s / vòllî-
vol-as / vollî-

val-a / vallî-

dòl-a / dòllî-

sòl-a/ sòllî-
soil-a/ soil-

vòl-a / vòllî-
vol-a / vollî-

val-a-mos / vallî-

dol-a-mos / dollî-

sol-a-mos/ sollî-

vol-a-mos / vollî-

val-a-tes / vallî-

dol-a-tes / dollî-

sol-a-tes/ sollî-

vol-a-tes / vollî-

val-a-n / vallî-
val-an / vallî-

dòl-a-n / dòllî-
dòl-an / dòllî-

sòl-a-n/ sòllî-
soil-an/ soil-

vòl-a-n / vòllî-
fly-in / fly-in

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

val-e-sse/-sso

dol-e-sse/-sso

sol-e-sse/-ssoG-e-sse/-sso

vol-e-sse/-sso

val-e-sse-s

dol-e-sse-s

sol-e-sse-ssun-e-sse-s

vol-e-sse-s

val-e-sse

dol-e-sse

sol-e-ssesun-e-sse

vol-e-sse

val-é-sse-mos

dol-é-sse-mos

sol-é-sse-mos
sun-é-sse-mos

vol-é-sse-mos

val-é-sse-tes

dol-é-sse-tes

sol-é-sse-tessun-is-you

vol-é-sse-tescome back


136 Exèmplos de formas regulares en romance: de valere, vallîo / valo (Cas. ant. valo); de dolere, dòllîo / dòlo (Cas. duelo); de volere, vòllîo / vòlo (cf. Rum. vreau); de solere, sòllîo / sòlo (Cas. suelo); de salire, sallîo / salo (Cas. ant. salo); de venire, vènnîo / vèno (Rum. vin); de tenere, tènnîo / tèno (Rum. ţin); de remanere, remannîo / remano (Rum. rămân); de sapere, saccîo / sapo (Occ. sabi); de audire, audzo (Rum. ant. auz) / audo (Ita. òdo, Rum. aud); de sedere, sèjjo / sèdo (Ita. sièdo, Rum. sed); de vedere, vejjo (Ita. ant. veggio) / vedo (Ita. vedo, Rum. văd); de càpere, cappia / capa (Ita. ant. capa); de devere, debbio / devo (Cas. debo, Ita. dèvo). Cuesto affècta los presèntes de indicativo (1ª persona sg., 3ª pl.) et subjunctivo et lo imperativo (3ª sg., 1ª pl., 3ª pl.).
136 Examples of regular forms in Romance: de valere , vallîo / valo ( Cas. ant. valo ); of pain , pain / pain ( Cas. duel ); to want, I want / I want (cf. Rum. vreau ); of solere , sollîo / solo ( Cas. suelo ); of salire , sallîo / salo ( Cas. ant. salo ); to come , come / come ( Rum. vin ); to tender, tense / tense ( Rum. ţin ); of remanere , remanîo / remano ( Rum. rămân ); of knowledge , saccîo / sapo ( Occ. sabi ); to hear , audzo ( Rum. ant. auz ) / audo ( Ita. òdo , Rum. aud ); to sit , seat / silk ( Italian seat , Rum. sed ); to see , old ( Italian ant. veggio ) / vedo ( Italian vedo , Rum. văd ); of caper , cappia / layer ( Ita. ant. layer ); of duty , debbio / devo ( Cas. devo , Italy debt ). This affects the present indicative (1st person sg., 3rd pl.) and subjunctive and the imperative (3rd sg., 1st pl., 3rd pl.).

137 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VALENT) èst valen.
137 The variant corresponding to the Latin (VALENT) is valen.

138 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (DOLENT) èst dòlen.
138 The corresponding variant to the Latin (DOLENT) is dolen.

139 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (SOLENT) èst sòlen.
139 The variant corresponding to the Latin (SOLENT) is solen.

140 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VOLUNT) èst vòlon.
140 The variant corresponding to the Latin (VOLUNT) is want.

val-e-sse-n

dol-e-sse-n

sol-e-sse-nsun-e-sse-n

vol-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

val-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
val-e-ría/-río /-lr-

dol-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
dol-e-ría/-río /-lr-

sol-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
sol-e-ría/-rio /-lr-

vol-e-ría/-río /-l-r-
vol-e-ría/-rio /-lr-

val-e-ría-s/-l-r-
val-e-ría-s/-lr-

dol-e-ría-s/-l-r-
dol-e-ría-s/-lr-

sol-e-ría-s/-l-r-
sol-e-ría-s/-lr-

vol-e-ría-s/-l-r-
vol-e-ría-s/-lr-

val-e-ría/-l-r-
val-e-ría/-lr-

dol-e-ría/-l-r-
go-e-ría/-lr-

sol-e-ría/-l-r-
sun-e-ría/-lr-

vol-e-ría/-l-r-
vol-e-ría/-lr-

val-e-ria-mos/-l-r-
val-e-ria-mos/-lr-

dol-e-ria-mos/-l-r-
dol-e-ria-mos/-lr-

sol-e-ria-mos/-l-r-
sol-e-ria-mos/-lr-

vol-e-ria-mos/-l-r-
vol-e-ria-mos/-lr-

val-e-ria-tes/-l-r-
val-e-ria-tes/-lr-

dol-e-ria-tes/-l-r-

sol-e-ria-tes/-l-r-
sol-e-ria-tes/-lr-

vol-e-ria-tes/-l-r-
vol-e-ria-tes/-lr-

val-e-ría-n/-l-r-
val-e-ría-n/-lr-

dol-e-ría-n/-l-r-
go-e-ría-n/-lr-

sol-e-ría-n/-l-r-
sol-e-ría-n/-lr-

vol-e-ría-n/-l-r-
vol-e-ría-n/-lr-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

val-e-reva/-o/-l-r-
val-e-reva/-o/-lr-

dol-e-reva/-o/-l-r-

sol-e-reva/-o/-l-r-
sol-e-reva/-o/-lr-

vol-e-reva/-o/-l-r-
vol-e-reva/-o/-lr-

val-e-reva-s/-l-r-

dol-e-reva-s/-l-r-

sol-e-reva-s/-l-r-

vol-e-reva-s/-l-r-
vol-e-reva-s/-lr-

val-e-reva/-l-r-
val-e-reva/-lr-

dol-e-reva/-l-r-

sol-e-reva/-l-r-
sol-e-reva/-lr-

vol-e-reva/-l-r-
vol-e-reva/-lr-

val-e-reva-mos/-l-r-
val-e-reva-mos/-lr-

dol-e-reva-mos/-l-r-
dol-e-reva-mos/-lr-

sol-e-reva-mos/-l-r-
sol-e-reva-mos/-lr-

vol-e-reva-mos/-l-r-
vol-e-reva-mos/-lr-

val-e-reva-tes/-l-r-
val-e-reva-tests/-lr-

dol-e-reva-tes/-l-r-
dol-e-reva-tes/-lr-

sol-e-reva-tes/-l-r-
sol-e-reva-tes/-lr-

vol-e-reva-tes/-l-r-
vol-e-reva-tes/-lr-

val-e-reva-n/-l-r-
val-e-reva-n/-lr-

dol-e-reva-n/-l-r-

sol-e-reva-n/-l-r-
sol-e-reva-n/-lr-

vol-e-reva-n/-l-r-
vol-e-reva-n/-lr-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

-

val-eOK

dòl-ehe will go

sòl-eground-e

vòl-eflight-and

val-a / vallî-

dòl-a / dòllî-

sòl-a/ sòllî-
soil-a/ soil-

vòl-a / vòllî-
vol-a / vollî-

val-a-mos / vallî-

dol-a-mos / dollî-

sol-a-mos/ sollî-

vol-a-mos / vollî-

val-e-te

dol-e-te

sol-e-tesun-and-tea

vol-e-tewere you

val-a-n / vallî-
val-an / vallî-

dòl-a-n / dòllî-
dòl-an / dòllî-

sòl-a-n/ sòllî-
soil-an/ soil-

vòl-a-n / vòllî-
fly-in / fly-in


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


n(→nnî) CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî) CVC(→CC)

e→è

n(→nnî) CVC(→CC)

e→è

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

reman-e-rereman-e-re

ten-e-re

ven-i-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

reman-è-ndo
remand-in-place

ten-è-ndoten-in-place

ven-i-ndocome-and-go

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

reman-è-nte
remains-is-unt

ten-è-nteten-is-what

ven-i-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

reman-u-to

ten-u-to

ven-i-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

reman-o / remannî-

tèn-o / tènnî-
tèn-o / tènî-

vèn-o / vènnî-
come-o / come-

reman-e-sreman-es

tèn-e-stèn-es

vèn-e-scome-is

reman-e

tèn-ete-e

vèn-ecome-and

reman-e-moswe remain

ten-e-moswe have

ven-i-moswe come

reman-e-tesremain

ten-e-teshave you

ven-i-tes

reman-e-n/-n-o-/-nnî-o-
reman-en/-no-/-nnî-o-

141

tèn-e-n/-n-o-/-nnî-o-142
stand-in/-no-/-in-the-142

vèn-e-n/-n-o-/-nnî-o-143
vèn-en/-no-/-nnî-o-143

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

reman-e-va/-vo
remain-e-va/-vo

ten-e-va/-vo

ven-i-va/-vo


141 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (REMANENT) èst remanen.
141 The variant corresponding to the Latin (REMANENT) is remanen.

142 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (TENENT) èst tènen.
142 The variant corresponding to the Latin (TENENT) is tenen.

143 La variante correspondènte ad lo latino (VENIUNT) èst vennîon.
143 The variant corresponding to the Latin (VENIUNT) is vennîon.


í íin in


í íin in

reman-e-va-s
remain-e-va-s

ten-e-va-s
have-and-go-s

ven-i-va-scome and go

reman-e-varemain

ten-e-va

ven-i-vacome and go

reman-e-va-mos

ten-e-va-mos
let's-let's-let's go

ven-i-va-mos
come-let-go-let's

reman-e-va-tes

ten-e-va-tes

ven-i-va-tescome and go

reman-e-va-n
remain-e-va-n

ten-e-va-n
have-and-go-go

ven-i-va-ncome and go

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

reman-e-ireman-ei

ten-e-i

ven-

-i/ven--i/friend-


reman-e-ste

ten-e-ste

ven-i-ste

reman-e-ureman-eu

ten-e-uten-eu

ven-i-u

reman-e-mmos

ten-e-mmos

ven-i-mmos

reman-e-stes

ten-e-steshave-e-stes

ven-i-stescome and go

reman-e-ron

ten-e-rontan-e-ron

ven-i-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

reman-e-ra-o / -i /-n-r-
reman-e-ra-o / -i /-nr-

ten-e-ra-o / -i /-n-r-
ten-e-ra-o / -i /-nr-

ven-i-ra-o / -i /-n-r-

reman-e-rà-s/-n-r-
reman-e-rà-s/-nr-

ten-e-rà-s/-n-r-
ten-e-rà-s/-nr-

ven-i-rà-s/-n-r-
fri-i-rà-s/-nr-

reman-e-rà/-n-r-
reman-e-rà/-nr-

ten-e-rà/-n-r-
ten-e-rà/-nr-

ven-i-rà/-n-r-
will come/-nr-

reman-e-re-mos/-n-r-

ten-e-re-mos/-n-r-

ven-i-re-mos/-n-r-

reman-e-re-tes/-n-r-

ten-e-re-tes/-n-r-

ven-i-re-tes/-n-r-

reman-e-rà-n/-n-r-
reman-e-rà-n/-nr-

ten-e-rà-n/-n-r-
ten-e-rà-n/-nr-

ven-i-rà-n/-n-r-
ven-i-rà-n/-nr-

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

reman-a / remannî-

tèn-a / tènnî-
tèn-a / tènî-

vèn-a / vènnî-
come-a / come-

reman-a-s / remannî-
reman-as / remannî-

tèn-a-s / tènnî-
tèn-as / tènî-

vèn-a-s / vènnî-
vèn-as / vènnî-

reman-a / remannî-

tèn-a / tènnî-
tèn-a / tènî-

vèn-a / vènnî-
come-a / come-

reman-a-mos / remannî-

ten-a-mos / tennî-

ven-a-mos / vennî-

reman-a-tes / remannî-

ten-a-tes / tennî-

ven-a-tes / vennî-

reman-a-n / remannî-
reman-an / remannî-

tèn-a-n / tènnî-
tèn-an / tènî-

vèn-a-n / vènnî-
vèn-an / vènnî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

reman-e-sse/-sso

ten-e-sse/-sso

ven-i-sse/-sso
friend-in-sse/-sso

reman-e-sse-s

ten-e-sse-s

ven-i-sse-s

reman-e-sse
remand-in-sse

ten-e-sse

ven-i-sse
friend-in-sse

reman-é-sse-mos

ten-é-sse-moswe have

ven-

-sse-mos

reman-é-sse-tes

ten-é-sse-tes

ven-

-sse-tes

reman-e-sse-n

ten-e-sse-n

ven-i-sse-n
friend-in-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

reman-e-ría/-río /-n-r-
reman-e-ría/-rio /-nr-

ten-e-ría/-río /-n-r-
ten-e-ría/-river /-nr-

ven-i-ría/-río /-n-r-
come-i-would/-river /-nr-

reman-e-ría-s/-n-r-
reman-e-ría-s/-nr-

ten-e-ría-s/-n-r-
have-e-ría-s/-nr-

ven-i-ría-s/-n-r-
come-i-would-s/-nr-

reman-e-ría/-n-r-
reman-e-ría/-nr-

ten-e-ría/-n-r-
would-e-ría/-nr-

ven-i-ría/-n-r-
come-i-ria/-nr-

reman-e-ria-mos/-n-r-
reman-e-ria-mos/-nr-

ten-e-ria-mos/-n-r-
ten-e-ria-mos/-nr-

ven-i-ria-mos/-n-r-

reman-e-ria-tes/-n-r-
reman-e-ria-tes/-nr-

ten-e-ria-tes/-n-r-

ven-i-ria-tes/-n-r-

reman-e-ría-n/-n-r-
reman-e-ría-n/-nr-

ten-e-ría-n/-n-r-
would-have-n/-nr-

ven-i-ría-n/-n-r-
come-i-would-n/-nr-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

reman-e-reva/-o/-n-r-
reman-e-reva/-o/-nr-

ten-e-reva/-o/-n-r-

ven-i-reva/-o/-n-r-

reman-e-reva-s/-n-r-
reman-e-reva-s/-nr-

ten-e-reva-s/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-s/-n-r-

reman-e-reva/-n-r-
reman-e-reva/-nr-

ten-e-reva/-n-r-
hold-and-dream/-nr-

ven-i-reva/-n-r-

reman-e-reva-mos/-n-r-
reman-e-reva-mos/-nr-

ten-e-reva-mos/-n-r-
hold-and-dream-mos/-nr-

ven-i-reva-mos/-n-r-

reman-e-reva-tes/-n-r-
reman-e-reva-tes/-nr-

ten-e-reva-tes/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-tes/-n-r-

reman-e-reva-n/-n-r-
reman-e-reva-n/-nr-

ten-e-reva-n/-n-r-

ven-i-reva-n/-n-r-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

reman-e

tèn-ete-e

vèn-icome-i

reman-a / remannî-

tèn-a / tènnî-
tèn-a / tènî-

vèn-a / vènnî-
come-a / come-

reman-a-mos / remannî-

ten-a-mos / tennî-

ven-a-mos / vennî-

reman-e-teremain-e-te

ten-e-te

ven-i-tecome-i-te

reman-a

-n / remannî-
-n / remanni-

t

èn-a

-n / tènnî-

vin

èn-a

-n / vènnî-


5. 6. VÈRBOS IRREGULARES
5. 6. IRREGULAR VERBS‌

En neolatino hi ha 10 vèrbos pròpriamente irregulares. Non obstante, las irregularitates de 3 de ellos (dícere, fàcere et potere) son evitàbiles.
In Neolatin there are 10 properly irregular verbs. However, the irregularities of 3 of them (say, do and power) are avoidable.

-que ha uno presènte irregulare- aut andare, los doos defectivos altrosí144. De los tres, lo vèrbo vàdere èst lo plus usato en romance; donque, en neolatino èst fòrse plus comprehensíbile completare la soa conjugatione con formas latinas aut analògicas (formatas imitando altros vèrbos).
-that has an irregular present- aut andare , the two defectivos otherwise 144 . Of the three, the verb vadere is the most used in Romance; therefore, in Neo-Latin it is much more comprehensible to complete its conjugation with highly analogous Latin forms (formed by imitating other verbs).


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs



irr.



irr.


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

est-a-reis-a-re

d-a-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

est-a-ndois-a-ndo

d-a-ndohome


144 Con lo sènso de ‘camminare’, lo vèrbo andare non èst defectivo.
144 With the sense of 'walk', the verb to go is not defective.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

est-a-nte

d-a-nteda-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

est-a-tois-a-to

d-a-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

est-a-o145

d-a-o

est-à-sis-to-s

d-a-s

est-àis-at

d-àfrom to


est-a-mos

d-a-mosda-mos

est-a-tesare you

d-a-tesdate

est-àis-at

-n

d-a-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

est-a-va/-vois-a-go/-you

d-a-va/-voda-va/-vo

est-a-va-s
is-it-is-going-s

d-a-va-sda-go-s

est-a-vais-is-going

d-a-vada-va

est-a-va-mosis-a-go-mos

d-a-va-mosda-va-mos

est-a-va-tes
are you going

d-a-va-tesgo-go

est-a-va-nis-a-go-n

d-a-va-nda-va-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

est-a-iis-ai

d-a-i

est-a-ste

d-a-steyes

est-a-uis at

d-a-u

est-a-mmosis-a-mmos

d-a-mmos

est-a-stesis-a-stes

d-a-stesda-stes

est-a-ron

d-a-ronyes-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

est-a-ra-o / -i

d-a-ra-o / -ida-ra-o / -i

est-a-rà-sis-a-r-s

d-a-rà-sda-rà-s

est-a-ràis-a-r-at

d-a-ràda-ra

est-a-re-mosis-a-re-mos

d-a-re-mos

est-a-re-tesis-a-re-tes

d-a-re-tes

est-a-rà-nis-a-rà-n

d-a-rà-nda-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

est-East-

éIt is

d-

éIt is

est-East-

é-sis-s

d-

e-sis

est-East-

éIt is

d-

éIt is

est-East-

e-mos

d-e-mosgive us

est-East-

e-tese-you

d-e-tesof your

est-East-

é-nis-n

d-e-n

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

est-a-sse/-sso
is-a-sse/-sso

d-

e-sse/-sso

est-a-sse-sis-a-sse-s

d-

e-sse-s

est-a-sseis-a-sse

d-

e-ssethey

est-à-sse-mos
is-at-sse-mos

d-

é-sse-mose-se-mos


145 Lo latino haveva STO, STAS, STAT, STAMUS, STATIS, STANT. En la prima persona lo radicale mancava la vocale temàtica A, presènte en las altras personas. En latino vulgare se extendeu la vocale temàtica ad la prima persona por regularizzare-la, creando la forma STAO. Cuesta forma non està documentata, mais deveu exsistere per que explica la variatione romànica: Deveu evolvere ad estao, pronuntiata posterioremente estau (cf. occitano estau, lo rumèno stau), pòs estou (cf. portughese estou) et pòs estò (cf. lo italiano sto, que non continua dirèctamente la forma latina). En neolatino, sería possíbile pronuntiare [estaw], mais èst conveniènte escrivere estao por conservare lo morfèma /o/ que marca la prima persona en lo presènte de indicativo (canto, como, vendo, uno).
145 Latin had STO , STAS , STAT , STAMUS , STATIS , STANT . In the first person the radical lacked the thematic vowel To , present in the other persons. In vulgar Latin the thematic vowel was extended to the first person to regularize it, creating the form STAO . This form is not documented, but must exist to explain the Romance variation: It must evolve to estao , pronounced later estau (cf. Occitan estau , Romanian stau ), then estou (cf. Portuguese estou ) and then estò (cf. lo. Italian sto , which does not directly continue the Latin form). In Neolatin, it would be possible to pronounce [estaw], but it is convenient to write estao to preserve the morpheme /o/ that marks the first person in the present indicative (sing, like, sell, one).

est-à-sse-tes
is-at-sse-yours

d-é-sse-tesd-is-if-you

est-a-sse-nis-a-sse-n

d-e-sse-nde-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

est-a-ría/-río
est-a-ria/-river

d-a-ría/-ríoda-ría/-rio

est-a-ría-s

d-a-ría-sda-ría-s

est-a-ríaIt would

d-a-ríawould give

est-a-ria-mos

d-a-ria-mos

est-a-ria-tes

d-a-ria-tesda-ria-tes

est-a-ría-n

d-a-ría-nda-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

est-a-reva/-o

d-a-reva/-o

est-a-reva-s

d-a-reva-s

est-a-reva

d-a-revada-reva

est-a-reva-mosest-reva-mos

d-a-reva-mosda-reva-mos

est-a-reva-tes
is-a-reva-tes

d-a-reva-tes
give yourself a break

est-a-reva-n

d-a-reva-nda-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

est-àis-at

d-a

est-éThis one

d-éin


est-e-mos

d-e

-mos-Do

est-a-teis-a-te

d-a-teda-te

est-é-nis

d-e-n


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr. ce→cîa

ce→cîa(/ca) í→i
what→cía(/ca) í→i

irr. ce→cîa

ce→cîa(/ccîa) ce→cîa(/ca)
what→ca(/ccîa) what→ca(/ca)

à→a

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

d

c-e-rece-re

fàc-e-refac-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

d

c-è-ndoc-here

fac-è-ndodoing

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

d

c-è-nte

fac-è-ntefac-e-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

di-u-to / dicto 146

facî-u-to / facto

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

d

cî-o / di
location / in

c-147

facîtragedy

-o /-ccî-o148 / fac-

d

c-e-s

fac-e-si do

í i iin ii


i i


146 Lo participio irregulare traditionale dicto èst preferíbile (Por dito, Cas dicho, Cat, Fra dit, Ita detto). La forma regularizzata dicîuto èst rara en romance.
‌146 The traditional irregular participle dicto is preferable (Por dito, Cas dicho, Cat, Fra dit, Ita dice). The regularized form said is rare in romance.

147 Lo paradigma traditionale, con formas irregulares como dico, èst preferíbile en cuesto frequènte vèrbo (Por, Cas digo, Cat dic, Ita dico, Rum zic). Lo paradigma regularizzato, con formas como dicîo, èst raro en romance (cf. Occ disi, Fra dis). Ved. la alteratione ce→cîa(/ca).
147 The traditional paradigm, with irregular forms such as dico , is preferable in this frequent verb ( Por, Cas digo , Cat dic , Ita dico , Rum zic ). The regularized paradigm, with forms such as dicîo , is rare in Romance (cf. Occ disi , Fra dis ). Ved. the alteration ce→cîa(/ca) .

148 En latino, FACĔRE, como qualques vèrbos de la conjugatione 2ªII, presentava una -Ĭ- (FACĬO), que ha geminato en romance.
148 In Latin, FACĔRE, like any verb of the 2nd II conjugation, had a -Ĭ- (FACĬO), which geminated in romance.

i í í ii i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i i


i i i i i

d

c-ece

fabut

c-ece

d

c-e-mosce-mos

to do

c-e-mosce-mos

d

c-e-tesce-tes

to do

c-e-tesce-tes

d

c-e-n/--o-/-c-o-
cen/-cî-o-/-co-

fabut

c-e-n/--o-/-ccî-o-/-c-o-
cen/-cî-o-/-ccî-o-/-co-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

d

c-e-va/-vo
what will you

fabut

c-e-va/-vo
what will you

d

c-e-va-swhat-will-s

fabut

c-e-va-swhat-will-s

d

c-e-vasomething

fabut

c-e-vasomething

d

c-e-va-mosce-va-mos

fabut

c-e-va-mosce-va-mos

d

c-e-va-tes
what are you doing

fabut

c-e-va-tes
what are you doing

d

c-e-va-nwhat-will-n

fabut

c-e-va-nwhat-will-n

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

d

c-e-i

fabut

c-e-i

d

c-e-steyou are

fabut

c-e-steyou are

d

c-e-u

fabut

c-e-u

d

c-e-mmos

fabut

c-e-mmos

d

c-e-stesce-stes

fabut

c-e-stesce-stes

d

c-e-ronwhat-ron

fabut

c-e-ronwhat-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

d

-r

a-o / -i

fabut

-r

a-o / -i

d

-r

à-sto-s

fabut

-r

à-sto-s

d

-r

àhas

fabut

-r

àhas

d

-r

e-mos

fabut

-r

e-mos

d

-r

e-tese-you

fabut

-r

e-tese-you

d

-r

à-nyear

fabut

-r

à-nyear

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

d

cî-a/-c-

fabut

cî-a/-ccî- /-c-

d

cî-a-s/-c-cî-as/-c-

fabut

cî-a-s/-ccî-/-c-
cî-as/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a/-c-

fabut

cî-a/-ccî-/-c-
c-a/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-mos/-c-c-a-mos/-c-

fabut

cî-a-mos/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-tes/-c-c-a-tes/-c-

fabut

cî-a-tes/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-n/-c-cî-an/-c-

fabut

cî-a-n/-ccî-/-c-
c-an/-ccî-/-c-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

d

c-e-sse/-ssoce-sse/-sso

fabut

c-e-sse/-ssoce-sse/-sso

d

c-e-sse-sce-sse-s

fabut

c-e-sse-sce-sse-s

d

c-e-ssece-sse

fabut

c-e-ssece-sse

d

c-é-sse-mosc-we-we

fabut

c-é-sse-mosc-we-we

d

c-é-sse-tesc-is-if-you

fabut

c-é-sse-tesc-is-if-you

d

c-e-sse-nce-sse-n

fabut

c-e-sse-nce-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

d

-r

ía/-ríoía/-river

fabut

-r

ía/-ríoía/-river

d

-r

ía-sia-s

fabut

-r

ía-sia-s

d

-r

íawas going

fabut

-r

íawas going

d

-r

ia-moslet's go

fabut

-r

ia-moslet's go

d

-r

ia-tesit-test

fabut

-r

ia-tesit-test

d

-r

ía-nia-n

fabut

-r

ía-nia-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

d

-r

eva/-o

fabut

-r

eva/-o

d

-r

eva-s

fabut

-r

eva-s

d

-r

eva

fabut

-r

eva

d

-r

eva-mos

fabut

-r

eva-mos

d

-r

eva-tes

fabut

-r

eva-tes

d

-r

eva-n

fa-reva-ndo-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

d

c-ece

fac-edo what

d

cî-a/-c-

facîtragedy

-a/-ccî-/-c-

d

cî-a-mos/-c-c-a-mos/-c-

facîtragedy

-a-mos/-ccî-/-c-

d

c-e-tewhat

to do

c-e-tewhat

d

cî-a-n/-c-cî-an/-c-

fabut

place

-a-n/-ccî-/-c-
-an/-ccî-/-c-

i


i i i í iiii i i

´'

Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr.

CVC(→CC)

o→ò

irr.

CVC(→CC)

irr.

CVC(→CC)

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

pot-e-recan-e-re

hav-e-rehave-e-re

sap-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

GERUNDIOGERUND

pot-è-ndocan-is-ndo

hav-è-ndo

sap-è-ndo
knowing-is-ndo

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

pot-è-ntecan-e-nte

hav-è-nte

sap-è-nteyou know

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

PARTICIP. PASS.

pot-u-to

hav-u-to

sap-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

pòt-o/pòss-149
door-o/poss-149

habbi-o / hajj-o / h
habbi-o / pilgrimage / h


o / hai 150o/hi 150

sappi-o / saccî-o / sao / sai
know-it / know-it / know / know

pòt-e-sdoor-es

hav-e-s / has 151

sap-e-ssap-es

pòt-e/-ss-door-e/-ss-

hav-e / hasummer / and

sap-e

pot-e-mos

hav-e-mos / hemos
hav-e-mos / we have

sap-e-mos

pot-e-tescan-e-tes

hav-e-tes / hetes
hav-e-tes / weeks

sap-e-tes

pòt-e-n/-o-/-ss-
door-en/-o-/-ss-

hav-e-n/-o- / han 152
hav-en/-o- / he 152

sap-e-n/-o-/-ppi-o-/-ccî-o-153
sap-en/-o-/-ppi-o-/-ccî-o-153

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

pot-e-va/-vocan-e-va/-vo

hav-e-va/-vo

sap-e-va/-vo

pot-e-va-scan-e-will-s

hav-e-va-shave-e-va-s

sap-e-va-sknow-and-go

pot-e-vacan-e-will

hav-e-vahave-e-va

sap-e-vaknow-and-go

pot-e-va-moscan-e-va-mos

hav-e-va-mos
hav-e-va-moss

sap-e-va-mos

pot-e-va-tescan-e-va-tes

hav-e-va-tes

sap-e-va-tesknow and go

pot-e-va-ncan-e-va-n

hav-e-va-nhave-e-va-n

sap-e-va-n
knows-and-goes

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

PASS. REMOTO

a


149 La variante traditionale con –ss- se consèrva en Por, Ita posso, Fra peux. La variante regularizzata con -t- està presènte en Cas puedo, Rum pot.
‌149 The traditional variant with –ss- consèrva en Por, Ita I can, Fra peux. The variant regularized with -t- is present in Cas puedo, Rum pot.

150 Las quattro formas neolatinas englòban las variantes romànicas: 1 habbio (Sardo appo), 2 hajjo (Cat haig, Ita aggio), 3 hai (Por hei, Cas, Cat he, Fra ai) et 4 hao (Ita ho). Derivan de passos successivos en la evolutione dès lo latino et, donque, permetten comprehendere la relatione evolutiva entre las variantes romànicas: Lat habeo > 1 ['abjo] > 2 ['ajjo] > 3 [aj] aut 4 ['ao] (Lausberg 1966: 333). En neolatino, la variante plus conveniènte èst, fòrse, hao. Non obstante, convène conoscere las quattro variantes, que han repercussione sopre altras formas verbales: lo subjunctivo (habbia/hajja) et lo futuro (haverao/haverai ).
150 The four Neolatin forms include the Romance variants: 1 habbio ( Sardinian appo ), 2 hajjo ( Cat haig , Ita aggio ), 3 hai ( Por hei , Cas, Cat he , Fra ai ) and 4 hao ( Ita ho ). They derive from successive steps in the evolution from Latin and, therefore, allow to understand the evolutionary relationship between the Romance variants: Lat habeo > 1 ['abjo] > 2 ['ajjo] > 3 [aj] aut 4 ['ao] ( Lausberg 1966: 333). In Neo-Latin, the most convenient variant is, perhaps, hao. However, it is worth knowing the four variants, which have repercussions on other verbal forms: the subjunctive ( habbia/hajja ) and the future ( haverao/haverai ).

151 Lo presènte de havere ha uno paradigma plus brève, que surge analògicamente pòs la caduta de -b- en la persona 1 (ved. la nota anteriore). En romance, son plus frequèntes en las personas con accentuatione sopre lo radicale en la variante lònga (1 hao/hai, 2 has, 3 ha, 6 han) et menos en las altras (4 hemos, 5 hetes).
151 The present of havere has a shorter paradigm, which arises analogously after the fall of - b - in person 1 (see previous note). In Romance, they are more frequent in people with emphasis on the radical in the long variant (1 hao/hai , 2 has , 3 ha , 6 han ) and less in the others (4 hemos , 5 hetes ).

152 En latino, HABENT.
152 In Latin, they have.

153 En latino, SAPIUNT.
153 In Latin, SAPIUNT

pot-e-ithey can

hav-e-i

sap-e-isap egg

pot-e-stecan-e-ste

hav-e-stehave-e-ste

sap-e-ste

pot-e-ucan I

hav-e-u

sap-e-usap-eu

pot-e-mmoscan-e-mmos

hav-e-mmos

sap-e-mmos

pot-e-stesyou can

hav-e-steshav-e-same

sap-e-stessap-self

pot-e-ron

hav-e-ronsea-e-ron

sap-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

FUTUROFUTURE

pot-e-ra-o / -i /-t-r-
can-e-ra-o / -i /-tr-

hav-e-ra-o / -i /-v-r-

sap-e-ra-o / -i /-p-r-
sap-e-ra-o / -i /-pr-

pot-e-rà-s/-t-r-
pot-e-rà-s/-tr-

hav-e-rà-s/-v-r-
hav-e-rà-s/-vr-

sap-e-rà-s/-p-r-
sap-e-rà-s/-pr-

pot-e-rà/-t-r-
pot-e-rà/-tr-

hav-e-rà/-v-r-
hav-e-rà/-vr-

sap-e-rà/-p-r-
sap-e-rà/-pr-

pot-e-re-mos/-t-r-

hav-e-re-mos/-v-r-

sap-e-re-mos/-p-r-
sap-e-re-mos/-pr-

pot-e-re-tes/-t-r-

hav-e-re-tes/-v-r-

sap-e-re-tes/-p-r-
sap-e-re-tes/-pr-

pot-e-rà-n/-t-r-
pot-e-rà-n/-tr-

hav-e-rà-n/-v-r-
hav-e-rà-n/-vr-

sap-e-rà-n/-p-r-
sap-e-rà-n/-pr-

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

pòt-a/-ss-
the door/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a / hajj-

saon

ppi

-a / saccî-

pòt-a-s/-ss-door-as/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-s / hajj-

saon

ppi

-a-s / saccî-

pòt-a/-ss-
the door/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a / hajj-

saon

ppi

-a / saccî-

pot-a-mos/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-mos / hajj-
-a-mos / hair-

saon

ppi

-a-mos / saccî-

pot-a-tes/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-tes / hajj-

saon

ppi

-a-tes / saccî-

pòt-a-n/-ss-door-in/-ss-

ha

bbi

-a-n / hajj-

saon

ppi

-a-n / saccî--an/sacî-

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

PASS. IMPERF.

pot-e-sse/-sso
po-e-sse/-sso

hav-e-sse/-sso

sap-e-sse/-sso

pot-e-sse-scan-e-sse-s

hav-e-sse-s

sap-e-sse-s

pot-e-ssecan-e-sse

hav-e-ssehave-e-sse

sap-e-sse

pot-é-sse-mos

hav-é-sse-mos

sap-é-sse-mos

pot-é-sse-tes

hav-é-sse-tes

sap-é-sse-tes

pot-e-sse-ncan-e-sse-n

hav-e-sse-nhave-e-sse-n

sap-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

pot-e-ría/-río /-t-r-
pot-e-ría/-river /-tr-

hav-e-ría/-río /-v-r-
ha-e-ría/-río /-vr-

sap-e-ría/-río /-p-r-
sap-e-ría/-rio /-pr-

pot-e-ría-s/-t-r-
pot-e-ría-s/-tr-

hav-e-ría-s/-v-r-
hav-e-ría-s/-vr-

sap-e-ría-s/-p-r-
sap-e-ría-s/-pr-

pot-e-ría/-t-r-
pot-e-ría/-tr-

hav-e-ría/-v-r-
hav-e-ría/-vr-

sap-e-ría/-p-r-
sap-e-ría/-pr-

pot-e-ria-mos/-t-r-

hav-e-ria-mos/-v-r-
hav-e-ria-mos/-vr-

sap-e-ria-mos/-p-r-
sap-e-ria-mos/-pr-

pot-e-ria-tes/-t-r-

hav-e-ria-tes/-v-r-
hav-e-ria-tes/-vr-

sap-e-ria-tes/-p-r-
sap-e-ria-tes/-pr-

pot-e-ría-n/-t-r-
pot-e-ría-n/-tr-

hav-e-ría-n/-v-r-
hav-e-ría-n/-vr-

sap-e-ría-n/-p-r-
sap-e-ría-n/-pr-

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

pot-e-reva/-o/-t-r-
can-e-reva/-o/-tr-

hav-e-reva/-o/-v-r-

sap-e-reva/-o/-p-r-
sap-e-reva/-o/-pr-

pot-e-reva-s/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-s/-v-r-

sap-e-reva-s/-p-r-

pot-e-reva/-t-r-
can-e-reva/-tr-

hav-e-reva/-v-r-

sap-e-reva/-p-r-
sap-e-reva/-pr-

pot-e-reva-mos/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-mos/-v-r-
hav-e-reva-mos/-vr-

sap-e-reva-mos/-p-r-
sap-e-reva-mos/-pr-

pot-e-reva-tes/-t-r-

hav-e-reva-tes/-v-r-
hav-e-reva-tes/-vr-

sap-e-reva-tes/-p-r-
sap-e-reva-tests/-pr-

pot-e-reva-n/-t-r-
pot-e-reva-n/-tr-

hav-e-reva-n/-v-r-

sap-e-reva-n/-p-r-
sap-e-reva-n/-pr-

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

-

-

pòt-edoor-e

hav-eGarden

sap-e

pòt-a/-ss-
the door/-ss-

habbi-a / hajj-

sappi-a / saccî-
know-a / know-

pot-a-mos/-ss-

habbi-a-mos / hajj-
habbi-a-mos / hair-

sappi-a-mos / saccî-
know-a-mos / know-

pot-e-tecan you

hav-e-te

sap-e-tedig yourself

pòt-a-n/-ss-door-in/-ss-

habbi-a-n / hajj-
habbi-an / hajj-

sappi-a-n / saccî-
know-they / know-


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr.


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

èss-e-re, s-e-re

GERUNDIOGERUND

ess-è-ndo, s-è-ndo
ess-here, s-here

PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.

ess-è-nte, s-è-nte

PARTICIP. PASS.

ess-u-to, s-u-to

INDICATIVOINDICATIVE

PRESÈNTEPRESENT

so


ès,and,

sès 15six 15

4


èst,it is,

yes


somas

os,you,

sèmoswe are



èstebe

s, sètes



son

, sèn, scene


PASS. IMPERF.


èr-er-

a/-oto the



èr-er-

a-s


èr-er-

a


er-he-

a-mosa-wash


er-he-

a-tes


èr-er-

a-n

PASS. REMOTO


fu-i



fo-

ste/fu-you/fu-


fo-

u/fu


fo-

mmos/fu-


fo-

stes/fu-


fo-rfor-r

on/fu-

FUTUROFUTURE

s-e-ra-o / -ise-ra-o / -i

s-e-rà-sse-rà-s

s-e-ràit's bad

s-e-re-mosse-re-mos

s-e-re-tesse-re-te

s-e-rà-nse-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO

PRESÈNTEPRESENT


sè-if-

a/-So-

a


sè-if-

a-s/-a-sas/yes-as


sè-if-

a/-aAsia


se-with-

a-mos/si-a-mos
a-mos/yes-a-mos


se-with-

a-tes/si-a-tes


sè-if-

a-n/-a-nan/yes-an

PASS. IMPERF.


fo-

sse/-sso


fo-

sse-s


fo-

sse


154 En lo presènte de èssere, lo paradigma regularizzato (2 sès, 3 sè, 4 sèmos, 5 sètes, 6 sèn) èst minoritario en romance (Ita 2 sei, Ita antico 4 sémo, 5 sète).
154 In the present tense of being, the regularized paradigm (2 ses, 3 se, 4 semes, 5 sets, 6 seven) is minority in Romance (Ita 2 sei, Ita antico 4 sémo, 5 seven).


fó-sub-

sse-mos


fó-sub-

sse-tes


fo-

sse-n

CONDITIONALE

PRESÈNTE IPRESENT I

s-e-ría/-ríose-ría/-río

s-e-ría-swould laugh

s-e-ríawould

s-e-ria-mos
we would laugh

s-e-ria-tes
would you laugh

s-e-ría-nwould laugh

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

s-e-reva/-ose-reva/-o

s-e-reva-s

s-e-reva

s-e-reva-mosse-reva-mos

s-e-reva-tessee yourself

s-e-reva-n

IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE

-

s-éy-yeah

-a/-ayes-a/yes-a

se-a-mos/si-a-mos

s-e-tese-te

-a-n/-a-nsè-an/yes-an


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes Índice de alternantias et Alternantias de los vèrbos essentiales
Regular patterns of conjugations Index of alternations and Alternations of essential verbs

Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of irregular verbs


irr. et defectivo

irr. (et defectivo)

defectivo CVC(→CC)


INFINITIVOINFINITIVE


i-re Por, Cas, Ita 155

vàd-e-re Lat 156

and-a-re Cat, Ita 157


GERUNDIOGERUND


i-ndo Por, Cas
i-ndo By, Cas

vad-è-ndo Lat

and-a-ndo Cat, Ita


PARTICIP. PRES.
PARTICIPATE. PRES.


i-nte Cas

vad-è-nte Lat

and-a-nte Ita


PARTICIP. PASS.


i-to Por, Cas, Ita

vad-u-towhat-u-to

and-a-to Cat, Ita


INDICATIVOINDICATIVE



PRESÈNTEPRESENT



155 Lo vèrbo ire èst devenuto defectivo en romance (per causa de la soa brevetate) et besonnîa essere completato con formas de los sinònimos vàdere aut andare, los doos defectivos altrosí. Se índican en superíndice las lenguas que usan la radice en questione.
155 The verb ire has become defective in Romance (because of its brevity) and needs to be completed with forms of the synonyms vadere aut andare , the two defective otherwise. The languages ​​that use the root in question are indicated in superscript.

156 De los vèrbos ire, vàdere et andare, por lo sènso de ‘ire’ lo plus usato en romance èst vàdere: por., cas., cat., fra., ita. et rum., en divèrsas proportiones. Donque, en neolatino èst fòrse plus comprehensíbile non completare la soa conjugatione con ire aut andare mais restaurare-la con formas latinas aut analògicas. Las formas que Vía Neolatina ha recuperato de lo latino han una marca en superíndice: Lat. Las formas analògicas (formatas imitando altros vèrbos) son marcatas con létteras cursivas aut itàlicas (son formas propòstas per Vía Neolatina et non encontratas né en romance né en latino).
156 Of the verbs ire, vàdere and andare , for the sense of 'ire' the most used in Romance is vàdere : por., cas., cat., fra., ita. et rum., in various proportions. Therefore, in Neo-Latin it is much more comprehensible not to complete its conjugation with ire aut andare but to restore it with analogous Latin forms. The forms that Vía Neolatina has recovered from Latin have a superscript mark: Lat The analogous forms (formatted imitating other verbs) are marked with italicized italic letters (they are forms proposed by Vía Neolatina and not found either in Romance or Latin).

157 Cui con lo sènso de ‘ire, vàdere’. Por lo sènso de ‘camminare’, ved. andare.
157 Cui with the meaning of 'ire, vàdere'. For the meaning of 'walking', see. go.


i-mos Por, Ita

i-tes Por, Ita


i-va/-vo Por, Cas

i-va-s Por, Cas
i-va-s By, Cas

i-va Por, Cas, Ita

i-va-mos Por, Cas
Let's go, Cas

i-va-tes Por, Cas

i-va-n Por, Cas, Ita


í-i Itai-i Ita

i-ste Itait is Ita


i-mmos Ita

i-stes Ita


i-ra-o / -i Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-rà-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-rà Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-rà By, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-re-mos Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-re-tes Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-rà-n Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-rà-n By, Cas, Cat, Fra


i-ría/-río Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ría/-rio Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ría-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-ria-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ría Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ria-mos Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
we would laugh Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ria-tes Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-laugh Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

i-ría-n Por, Cas, Cat, Fra


i-reva/-o Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-o, vao Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita
what-o, vao Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita

vas Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita va Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum vamos Por, Cas, Cat vates Cas, Cat
you go Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita va Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum we go Por, Cas, Cat vates Cas, Cat

van Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita
there is Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita

PASS. IMPERF.

vad-e-va/-vo Lat vad-e-va-s Lat vad-e-va Lat
what-e-va/-vo Lat what-e-va-s Lat what-e-va Lat

vad-e-va-mos Lat vad-e-va-tes Lat vad-e-va-n Lat
wad-e-va-mos Lat wad-e-va-tes Lat wad-e-va-n Lat

PASS. REMOTO

vad-e-i vad-e-ste vad-e-u
what-ei what-e-ste what-eu

vad-e-mmos vad-e-stes vad-e-ron
what-e-mmos what-e-stes what-e-ron

FUTUROFUTURE

vad-e-ra-o / -i vad-e-rà-s
what-e-ra-o / -i what-e-rà-s

vad-e-ràsee you

vad-e-re-mos vad-e-re-tes vad-e-rà-n
what-e-re-mos what-e-re-tes what-e-rà-n

SUBJUNCTIVO PRESÈNTE

vad-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita vad-a-s Por, Cas, Cat, Ita vad-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita vad-a-mos Por, Cas vad-a-tes Por, Cas vad-a-n Por, Cas, Cat, Ita
what- a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita what-as Por, Cas, Cat, Ita what-a Por, Cas, Cat, Ita what-a-mos Por, Cas what-a-tes Por, Cas what-an Por , Cas, Cat, Ita

PASS. IMPERF.

vad-e-sse/-sso vad-e-sse-s vad-e-sse
what-e-sse/-sso what-e-sse-s what-e-sse

vad-é-sse-mos vad-é-sse-tes vad-e-sse-n
what-é-sse-mos what-é-sse-tes what-e-sse-n

CONDITIONALE PRESÈNTE I
PRESENT CONDITIONAL I

vad-e-ría/-río vad-e-ría-s vad-e-ría
vad-e-ría/-river vad-e-ría-s vad-e-ría

vad-e-ria-mos vad-e-ria-tes vad-e-ría-n
what-e-ria-mos what-e-ria-tes what-e-ría-n

PRESÈNTE IIPRESENT II

vad-e-reva/-o
what-e-reva/-o

158


and-a-mos Cat, Ita

and-a-tes Cat, Ita


and-a-va/-vo Cat, Ita and-a-va-s Cat, Ita and-a-va Cat, Ita

and-a-va-mos Cat, Ita and-a-va-tes Cat, Ita and-a-va-n Cat, Ita


and-a-i Cat, Ita and-a-ste Cat, Ita and-a-u Cat, Ita

and-a-mmos Cat, Ita and-a-stes Cat, Ita and-a-ron Cat, Ita


and-a-ra-o / -i /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-rà-s /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-rà /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-re-mos /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-re-tes /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-rà-n /-d-r- Cat, Ita


and-e-mos Cat, Ita

and-e-tes Cat, Ita


and-a-sse/-sso Cat, Ita and-a-sse-s Cat, Ita and-a-sse Cat, Ita

and-à-sse-mos Cat, Ita and-à-sse-tes Cat, Ita and-a-sse-n Cat, Ita


and-a-ría/-río /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ría-s /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ría /-d-r- Cat, Ita

and-a-ria-mos /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ria-tes /-d-r- Cat, Ita and-a-ría-n /-d-r- Cat, Ita


and-a-reva/-o /-d-r- Cat, Ita


158 Con lo sènso de ‘camminare’, lo vèrbo andare non èst defectivo, mais con lo sènso de ‘ire, vàdere’, sí.
158 With the sense of 'to walk', the verb andare is not defective, but with the sense of 'to go, to go', yes.

i-reva-s Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-s By, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-s
what-e-reva-s

and-a-reva-s /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva By, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-revawhat-e-reva

and-a-reva /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva-mos Por, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-mos
what-e-reva-moss

and-a-reva-mos /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva-tes Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-tes By, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-tes
what-e-reva-tes

and-a-reva-tes /-d-r- Cat, Ita

i-reva-n Por, Cas, Cat, Fra
i-reva-n By, Cas, Cat, Fra

vad-e-reva-n
what-e-reva-n

and-a-reva-n /-d-r- Cat, Ita


IMPERATIVOIMPERATIVE


-

-

-


vad-e Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum
what-e Por, Cas, Cat, Fra, Ita, Rum



vad-awade

Por, Cas, Cat, Ita
By, Cas, Cat, Ita



vad-awade

-mos Por, Cas-mos By, Cas

and-e-mos Cat, Ita

i-te Por, Cas, Ita

vàd-e-te Rumlook Rum

and-a-te Cat, Ita


vad-a-n Por, Cas, Cat, Ita
what-an Por, Cas, Cat, Ita


ÍndiceIndex

6. LÈXICO INVARIÀBILE
6. INVARIABLE LEXICON

6. 1. CONJUNCTIONES

Las principales conjunctiones et locutiones conjunctivas neolatinas son:

como, donque, et, ja que, mais, né, non obstante, aut, per tanto, però, per que, pòs que, quando, que, si, si bène, sinón.
como, donque, et, ja que, mais, né, non obstante, aut, per tanto, however, per que, pos que, quando, que, si, si bêne, sinon.


6. 2. PREPOSITIONES

Las principales prepositiones et locutiones prepositivas neolatinas son:

a/ ad, ante, basso, con, còntra, da, de/d’, denante a, depòs, dès, derètro, davante a/ad, en, entre, fine a/ad, per, per a/ad, por, secondo, sene, sobto, sopra, sopre, vèrso.
a/ ad, ante, bass, with, còntra, from, de/d', denante a, depòs, dès, derètro, in front of/ad, en, entre, end of/ad, for, for a/ad, por , second, sene, below, above, above, towards.


6. 2. 1. PREPOSITIONES DE LÒCO


Sene movimènto
Sene movimento

Con movimènto
With movement

Forma bàsicaBasic shape

Derivatos con
Derivatives with

de-of-

Derivatos altros
Other derivatives

Forma bàsicaBasic shape

Derivatos con
Derivatives with

ad-

Derivatos altros
Other derivatives

ante p,csbefore p,cs

inno.deante (de)
inno.deante (of)

denante (de/ad)
before (de/ad)

p,cs,i,

davante (de/ad) ct,f,i
front (de/ad) ct,f,i


inno.adantehymn.adante

enante i,r, avante ct,f,i
enante i,r, forward ct,f,i

rètro ctretro ct

derètro (de) ct,f,i
behind (of) ct,f,i



arrètro ct,f

enderètroinderetro

entro rwithin r

dentro (de) p,cs,ct,i
inside (of) p,cs,ct,i



inno. adentro
hymn. inside

addentroinside

fòra p,cs,ct,f,i
for p,cs,ct,f,i

defòra (de) f
outside (of) f



affòra cs,ct,r


sopre p,cs,ct,f

[contacto] f[contact] f

inno. dessopre (de)
hymn. dessopre (de)

[contacto][contact]



inno. assopre
hymn. astonishes

[ad contacto][ad contact]


inno. alto hymn. high

dealto (de) ct

enalto cs,f,i

suso ibreast i

inno. adalto
hymn. adalto


sobto f

[contacto] f[contact] f

dessobto (de) f,i,r
dessobto (of) f,i,r

[contacto][contact]



inno. assobto
hymn. absorbed

[ad contacto][ad contact]


basso cslow cs

debasso (de) p,cs
to descend (from) p,cs

enbasso f,i

joso ialso

abbasso p,cs,f
I lower p,cs,f


inno. fronte
hymn. forehead

defronte (de) p,i
opposite (of) p,i

enfronte p,cs,ct
opposite p,cs,ct


inno. affronte
hymn. faces


inno. tòrno
hymn. I'll be back

inno. detòrno (de)
mother. return (of)

entòrno (de) i,
around (of) the,

attòrno (de) f,i
around (of) f,i


inno. attòrno
hymn. around


inno. lato,
hymn. side,

inno. costato hymn. cost

inno. delato (de),
inno. reported (of),

inno. decostato (de)
hymn. deconstructed (de)

ad (lo) lato p,cs,r, ad (lo) costato ct,f
ad (lo) side p,cs,r, ad (lo) side ct,f


inno. allato,
hymn. side,

inno. accostato
hymn. approached


en, ad ct,f,ia, ad ct,f,i



ad, vèrsoad, versus



per






dèsof the






fine ad






entrein between






prèsso, pròpenear, own






lòngeheart







Nota: Qualques prepositiones han essuto consideratas traditionalemente advèrbios.

Vedete las prepositiones articulatas en la sectione sopre artículos. Vedete altrosí los advèrbios de tèmpo.
See the articulated prepositions in the section on articles. See also the adverbs of time.


6. 2. 2. PREPOSITIONES DE TÈMPO

ante (de), avante (de), en ante (de), prío (de), durante, mentre, entanto, depòs (de), pòs (de),
before (of), before (of), in ante (of), before (of), during, while, meanwhile, after (of), after (of),

Vedete altrosí los advèrbios de lòco.
See also the adverbs of crazy.


6. 3. ADVÈRBIOS
6. 3. ADVERBS

Los principales advèrbios et locutiones adverbiales neolatinas son:
The main Neo-Latin adverbs and adverbial phrases are:


6. 3. 1. AFFIRMATIONE, NEGATIONE

altronón, altrosí, altrosí non, de accòrdo, fòrse, neque, non, pòte∤pòsse essere, sí.
otherwise, otherwise, otherwise not, agree, perhaps, neque, not, could be, yes.


6. 3. 2. LÒCO
6. 3. 2. CRAZY

onde, ove; adonde; cui, cua; aí, estí; collí, collà, evi
where, where; thickness; who, where; yes, indeed; neck, neck, evi

Vedete altrosí las prepositiones de lòco.
Get rid of crazy prepositions.


6. 3. 3. TÈMPO
6. 3. 3. TEMPO

acora, adesso, allora, aduc, ancora, anòcte, antehère, ceto, de bòna hora, demane, depòs-demane, desequita, en sequito, ensequita, entanto, frequèntemente, hère, hère-nòcte, hère-sera, hòjje, hora, ja, jamàis, màis tarde, nunca, presto, plus tarde, prèsto, quando, sèmpre, sovènte, tarde, tòsto.
now, now, then, aduc, ancho, night, antehère, keto, de bòna hora, demane, depòs-demane, desequita, en sequito, ensequita, entanto, frequèntemente, hère, hère-nòcte, hère-sera, hòjje, hora , already, never, later, never, soon, later, soon, when, always, often, late, soon.

Vedete altrosí las prepositiones de tèmpo.
Skip the prepositions of tempo.


6. 3. 4. MANARIA, QUANTITATE ET ALTROS
6. 3. 4. MANNER, QUANTITY AND OTHERS

assates, bastante, bène, cosí, de màis, de plus, deprèssa, en oltra, lentamente, màis, male, mèllîo, mellîore, menos, molto, pèjjo, pejjore, per qué, plus, pauco, quanto, quasi, ràpidamente, solo, sufficièntamente, sufficièntemente, tanto, toto, tròppo, uno pauco.
assays, enough, well, so, more, more, depressed, on the other hand, slowly, more, bad, better, better, less, much, worse, worse, why, more, little, how much, almost, quickly, only, sufficiently, sufficiently, so much, toto, too, one peacock.


6. 3. 5. ADVÈRBIOS EN –MENTE
‌6. 3. 5. ADVERBS IN –MIND

Los advèrbios finitos per –mente se forman ad partire de los adjectivos femeninos singulares: adj. ràpida f. sg. adv. ràpidamente. Los adjectivos que haven una doble forma femenina (-e/-a) haven altrosí doas variantes de lo advèrbio: adj. frequènte ta f. sg. adv.
Adverbs ending in - mind are formed from singular feminine adjectives: adj. fast f. sg.adv. quickly . Adjectives that have a double feminine form ( -e/-a ) also have two variants of the adverb: adj. frequentf . sg.adv.

frequèntemente/frequèntamente. En los adjectivos terminatos per vocale plus –le, -la, -re,

-ra, pòte cadere la vocale finale: adj. generale la f. sg. adv.
-ra, the final vowel can fall: adj. general ≠the f. sg. →adv.

generalemente/generalamente/generalmente.
generally/generally/generally.

Los advèrbios finitos per –mente consèrvan la accentuatione gràfica de los adjectivos de los que derivan.
Adverbs ending in -mente retain the graphic accentuation of the adjectives from which they derive.


ADVÈRBIOSADVERB

-a-mente-a-mind

-e/a-mente-and/a-mind

-le/la/re/ra-mente

adj. sg. f.

bònagood

alècre/alècra
alécre/alècre

generale/generala
general/general

adv.

bònamentewell

alècremente/ alècramente
cheerfully/ cheerfully

generalemente/ generalamente/ generalmente
generally/ generally/ generally

ÍndiceIndex

7. SINTAXE 159
‌7. SYNTAX 159

Consultate en § 2.2 las abbreviaturas usatas.
See § 2.2 for the abbreviations used.

7. 1. SINTAGMA NOMINALE
7. 1. NOUN PHRASE

En lo sintagma nominale, lo artículo (determinato aut indeterminato) concòrda en gènere et número con lo nome et sèmpre appare en una positione determinata dentro de lo sintagma. Lo adjectivo, normalmente pospòsto ad lo nome, altrosí concòrda en gènere et número.
In the nominal phrase, the article (determined or indeterminate) agrees in gender and number with the noun and always appears in a certain position within the phrase. The adjective, usually postposed to the noun, otherwise agrees in gender and number.

ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N (+ADJ.)
ART. [det./indet.] + (ADJ.) N (+ADJ.)

Los professores jóvenes. Las simpàticas studiantes.
The young teachers. The nice students.


7. 2. SINTAGMA VERBALE
7. 2. VERBAL PHRASE

Lo vèrbo, núcleo de lo sintagma verbale, concòrda en persona et número con lo soo subjècto.
The verb, nucleus of the verbal phrase, agrees in person and number with its subject.

Lo mèo patre cocina (3ª ps. sg.) molto bène. Los mèos patres cocinan (3ª ps. pl.) molto bène.
My father cooks (3rd ps. sg.) very well. My parents cook (3rd ps. pl.) very well.


7. 2. STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS ESSENTIALES

SN. + V. (èssere) + SN. (nom.) Josepe èst studènte. SN. + V. (èssere) + ADJ. Josepe èst simpàtico. SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Josepe ama la vita.
SN. + V. (to be) + SN. (noun.) Josepe is a student. SN. + V. (to be) + ADJ. Josepe is nice. SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) Joseph loves life.

SN. + V. Josepe dòrme.
SN. + V. Josepe sleeps.

SN. + V. + SP. Josepe dòrme en lo hostale.
SN. + V. + SP. Josepe sleeps in the inn.

SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SP. Josepe lège uno libro en lo hostale.
SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SP. Josepe reads a book in the inn.

SN. + V. + SN. (dat.) Josepe se dirige ad uno collega.
SN. + V. + SN. (dat.) Josepe addresses a colleague.

SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SN. (dat.) Josepe dà la informatione ad uno collèga.
SN. + V. + SN. (acc.) + SN. (dat.) Josepe gives the information to one of his colleagues.

SN. + V. + SN. (dat.) + SP. Josepe se dirige ad uno collega en lo hostale.
SN. + V. + SN. (dat.) + SP. Josepe goes to a colleague at the hostel.


  1. 3. ALTRAS STRUCTURAS SINTÀCTICAS
    3. OTHER SYNTACTICAL STRUCTURES

  2. APPENDICES

8. 1. ALTERNANTIAS DE LOS VÈRBOS ESSENTIALES

ÍndiceIndex


Modèllos regulares de las conjugationes

Índice de alternantias Índice de vèrbos irregulares
Index of alternantia Index of irregular verbs

Abbreviaturas per columnas:
Abbreviations for columns:

  1. INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

  2. ORÍGINE: here. (vèrbo hereditario), roman. (creato en romance), presta. (prestato)
    ORIGIN: here. (hereditary verb), roman. (created in romance), it works. (I pay)

  3. CONJUGATIONE:

    1. 1ª, 2ª, 3ª, 4ª.
      1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th.

    2. En latino, “3ª mixta” indica que lo vèrbo se conjugava con –Ĭ- como en la conj. 4ª.
      In Latin, "3rd mixed" indicates that the verb was conjugated with –Ĭ- as in the conj. 4th.

      b. Avantsamènto: ´_(→´  )
      b. Advance: ´_(→´ )

a. Fixamènto: à→a, é→e, í→i, ó→o, ú→u . Cuestas alternantias son regulares, mais se pòten evitare conjugando lo vèrbo secondo lo modèllo de la conj. 2ª.
to. Fix: à→a, é→e, í→i, ó→o, ú→u . These alternating words are regular, but can be avoided by conjugating the verb according to the conj model. 2nd.

  1. ALTERNANTIAS ACCENTUALES:


  1. Apertura: (e→è), (o→ò)
    Opening: (e→è), (o→ò)

  2. Síncopa: CVC(→CC)
    Syncopation: CVC(→CC)

c. Apertura: e→è, o→ò
c. Opening: e→è, o→ò

  1. Gràficas: i→í, u→ú. Cuestas alternantias son regulares, mais se pòten evitare avantsando lo accènto (cuesto èst, introducèndo una altra alternantia):
    Graphics: i→í, u→ú. These alternations are regular, but can be avoided by advancing the accent (this is, introducing another alternation):

    ´_(→´ ).

  2. Clausura: è→e, ò→o. Cuestas alternantias son regulares, mais se pòten evitare conjugando lo vèrbo secondo lo modèllo de la conj. 2ª.
    Closure: è→e, ò→o. These alternations are regular, but can be avoided by conjugating the verb according to the model of the conj. 2a.

5A I 5B. ALTERNANTIAS VOCÀLICAS:
5A AND 5B. VOWEL ALTERNATIVES:


  1. ALTERNANTIAS CONSONÀNTICAS:

    ge→gîa(/ga)

    1. Gràficas: t→ts, ca→che, ga→ghe, cîa→ce, ce→cîa, ci→cîa, gîa→ge, ge→gîa, gi→gîa
      Graphics: t→ts, ca→che, ga→ghe, cîa→ce, ce→cîa, ci→cîa, gîa→ge, ge→gîa, gi→gîa

    1. Non palatalizzatione:
      Non-palatalization:


      ce→cîa

      (/ccîa),(/ccia),

      ci→cîa

      (/ccîa),(/ccia),

      gi→gîa

      (/ggîa)(/ggia)

      1. Iòd (et geminatione): p→p(/ppi/ccî), v→v(/bbi/jj), r(→ri)
        Iòd (and twinning): p→p(/ppi/ccî), v→v(/bbi/jj), r(→ri)

      2. Palatalizzatione sene iòd: d(→dz)
        Palatalization without iod: d(→dz)

      3. Palatalizzatione et geminatione sene iòd: x(→ssî), d(→jj/ddz), l(→llî), n(→nnî)
        Palatalization and twinning of old iòd: x(→ssî), d(→jj/ddz), l(→llî), n(→nnî)

    2. Geminatione sene iòd:
      The twinning of old iodine:

      (/ca),(/that),


  1. INFIXO (infixo anticamente incoativo, en vèrbos de la 4ª conj.)
    INFIXO (anciently inchoative infixo, en vèrbos de la 4ª conj.)

  2. PERFÈCTOS FÒRTES (participio passato, participio presènte)
    STRONG PERFECT (past participle, present participle)

Los vèrbos irregulares (marcatos en rosso) han irregularitates particulares: dare, dícere, èssere, estare, fàcere, havere, ire, potere, sapere.
Irregular verbs (marked in red) have particular irregularities: to give, to say, to be, to be, to do, to have, to go, to be able, to know.

1

2

3

4

5a

5b

6

7

8

INFINITIVOINFINITIVE

ORI.OR.

CONJ.

ACCÈNT.ACCENT.

VOCÀL.VOCAL.

SÍNCOPASYNCOPATION

CONSON.JOHNSON.

INFIXOINFIX

PERFÈCT.

ABBASSÎARELOWER


1st







ACCAPAREHOOKS


1st







AGGRATAREAGREE


1st







AJJUTAREASSISTANT


1st







ALECRAREFUN


1st







ALTSARE


1st







AMARELOVE


1st







ANDAREGO


1st



CVC(→CC)




APPACAREAPPEAR


1st




ca→che



APPLECARE

here.

1st

´_(→´ )



ca→che



APTAREto fit


1st







ARRESTARESTOP


1st


e→è





ARRIPARE


1st







ASCOLTARELISTEN


1st







BALLAREDANCE


1st







BANNÎAREBANNIARE


1st







BASSÎAREBASSIARE


1st







BASTAREENOUGH


1st







BESONNÎAREPARTICULARS


1st







CACARE


1st




ca→che



CAMBIARE

here.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í





CAMMINAREWALK


1st







CANTARESING


1st







CATTSARE


1st







CAVAREQUARRY


1st







CENAREHAVE DINNER


1st







CERCARELOOK FOR


1st




ca→che



CLAMARESHOUT


1st







COGETARECOGETATION


1st







COLLOCAREPLACE

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

o→ò (o→ò)


ca→che



COLTELLAREKNIFE


1st


e→è





COMENTSARE
I WILL COMMENT


1st







COMMANDARECOMMAND


1st







COMPLETARECOMPLETE


1st


e→è





COMPRAREBUY


1st







CONGELARETO FREEZE


1st


e→è





CONSERVAREKEEP


1st


e→è





CONSIDERARECONSIDER

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

e→è





CONTARETO COUNT


1st







CONTINUARECONTINUATION

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

u→ú





COPERARECOVER

(cf. coprare)


1st



CVC(→CC)




COPRARECOVER

(cf. coperare)
(cf. cooperate)


1st







CORTAREI WILL CUT


1st







COSTUMAREdressing


1st







CREMAREto cremate


1st


e→è





CROCÎARECROCHET

(derivato de croce)
(derived from cross)

roman.

1st




cîa→ce



CURARECURE


1st







DANTSARE


1st







DELECTAREDELIGHT


1st


e→è





DEMANDAREASK


1st







DEMENTECARE


1st




ca→che



DENUDAREDENUDATION


1st







DESEGNAREBY DESIGN


1st







DESEJJAREWISH


1st







DESIDERAREDESIRE

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

e→è





DESIEIUNAREDESIEUNATION


1st







DESPOLLÎARE


1st


o→ò





DISNARE


1st







DONARETO DONATE


1st







DURARELAST


1st







EMPLECAREEMPLOYMENT

here.

1st

´_(→´ )



ca→che



EMPORTARE


1st


o→ò





ENCASSAREENCASS


1st







ENCONTRAREI'LL FIND


1st


o→ò





ENGRATIARE

(derivato de gratia)
(derivative of grace)

roman.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í


t→ts



ENSEGNARETEACH


1st







ENTRAREENTER


1st







ENVIAREI WILL SEND

here.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í





ERRARE
to make a mistake


1st


e→è





ESPERAREI WILL WAIT


1st







ESPUTAREEXPUTATE


1st







ESSUCARE


1st




ca→che



ESVEGLARE


1st







EXCAVAREEXCAVATION

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





EXPLICAREto explain

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)


ca→che



FALLAREFAIL


1st







FAULARE


1st







FICCARESnoop


1st




ca→che



FLOTTAREFLOATING


1st







FRECAREFRICTION


1st




ca→che



GELAREFREEZE


1st


e→è





GIRARESPIN


1st







GLACCÎAREGLACIER


1st




cîa→ce



GRATTARESCRATCH


1st







GUADANNÎAREWINNING


1st







GUARDAREWATCH


1st







IMPORTAREIMPORT


1st


o→ò





INFLAREto inflate


1st







INITIAREto begin

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í


t→ts



INTERESSARETO INTEREST


1st


e→è





INVITARETO INVITE


1st







JECTAREto throw


1st


e→è





JOCAREGAME


1st


o→ò


ca→che



LANCÎARELANCIARE


1st




cîa→ce



LAVAREWASH


1st







LAVORAREWORK


1st







LAXAREto relax


1st







LEGAREBIND


1st




ga→ghe



LEVAREREMOVE


1st


e→è





LOCARELOCATE


1st


o→ò


ca→che



LOCTAREto fight


1st







MANCARETO MISS


1st




ca→che



MANDARESEND


1st







MANDECARE

(cf. mangîare)


1st




ca→che



MANGÎAREMANGIARE

(cf. mandecare)


1st




gîa→ge



MATTAREMATTER


1st







MEJJAREMILKMAN


1st







MERCEJJARE


1st







MIRAREWONDER


1st







MONTARESET UP


1st







MOSTRARESHOW


1st







MUTARECHANGE


1st







NATARESWIM


1st







NECESSITARE

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





NETEJJARE


1st







NEVARECAN'T


1st







NOMINARENOMINATE

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(o→ò)





NUMERAREto count

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

e→è





OBLITAREto forget


1st







OCCUPARE

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(o→ò)





ODORARESMELL


1st







ORDENAREI WILL ORDER

here.

1st

´_(→´ )






ORINAREI WILL URINE


1st







PACARE


1st




ca→che



PARLARESPEAK


1st







PASSAREPASS


1st







PASSEJJAREPASSEJARE


1st







PECTENAREto comb

here.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





PENSARETHINK


1st


e→è





PERCONTARETO COUNT


1st







PERDONAREFORGIVE


1st







PESAREWEIGH


1st







PESCAREFISH


1st




ca→che



PISSÎARE


1st







PLORAREto cry


1st







POGNALARE


1st







PORTAREBRING


1st


o→ò





PRANDZARE


1st







PREPARAREPREPARE


1st







PRESENTAREPRESENT


1st


e→è





PRESTARELEND


1st


e→è





PRONUNTIAREto pronounce

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í


t→ts



PROVARETRY


1st


o→ò





RAJJARE


1st







RASAREeast


1st







RASCARERACE


1st




ca→che



RASPARERESPIRATORY


1st







RECONTARERECOUNT


1st







RECORDAREREMEMBER


1st


o→ò





REPARAREreparation


1st







REPAUSAREREST


1st







RESPIRAREBREATHE


1st







RESTAREREMAIN


1st


e→è





RESULTARE
I WILL RESULT


1st







SALTAREJUMP


1st







SALUTAREGREET


1st







SECCAREDRY


1st




ca→che



SEMELARE


1st







SERRARETIGHTEN


1st







SERVAREto keep


1st


e→è





SIGNIFICAREMEAN

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )



ca→che



SOFFLARE


1st







STUDIARESTUDY

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

i→í





TALLÎARETALLIARE


1st







TARDAREDELAY


1st







TELEFONAREPHONE

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

o→ò (e→è)





TERMINAREEND

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(e→è)





TIRAREPULL


1st







TOCCARETOUCH


1st




ca→che



TORNARERETURN


1st







TRACTAREto treat


1st







trebalhare


1st







TREPALLÎARE


1st







TROPAREtroparia


1st


o→ò





USAREUSE


1st







UTILIZZAREUSE


1st







VENARE


1st







VETAREto forbid


1st


e→è





VIAGGÎARE


1st




gîa→ge



VISITAREVISIT

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )






VOLAREFLY


1st


o→ò





VOMITAREVOMIT

presta.provides.

1st

´_(→´ )

(o→ò)





DARE


1ª irr.







ESTAREI WILL BE


1ª irr.







APPARERE

(cf. parere)
(see opinion)

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

r(→ri)



ARDERECOMBUSTION

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

d(→dz)


pp. (arso) pp. (arso)

COMPLERECOMPLETE

(> complire)

here.

2nd


o→ò


160


161

DEVEREAREA

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

v→v(/bbi/jj)v→v(/bbi/yy)


162

DOLEREPAIN

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)



GAUDEREto enjoy

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

d(→dz)


163

JACEREto lie down

here.

2nd




ce→cîa(/ccîa)
ce→ccia(/ccia)



MOVEREto move

(> mòvere)(> move)

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

164


165

OLEREVEGETABLES

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

166



PAREREOPINION

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

r(→ri)


167

PENDEREto hang

here.

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

168




160 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara. En qualonque caso, resultaría en una sequèntia diffícile de pronuntiare.
160 Where, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare. In any case, it would result in a difficult sequence to pronounce.

161 En latino, lo supino de COMPLĒRE èra CŎMPLĒTUM.
161 In Latin, the supine of COMPLĒRE was CŎMPLĒTUM.

162 En latino, lo supino de DEBĒRE èra DĒBĬTUM.
162 In Latin, the supine of DEBĒRE was DĒBĬTUM.

163 En latino, lo supino de GAUDĒRE èra GAVĪSUM.
163 In Latin, the supine of GAUDĒRE was GAVĪSUM.

164 Cui, la alternantia v→v(/bbi/jj), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
164 Where, the alternation v→v(/bbi/jj), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

165 En latino, lo supino de MOVĒRE èra MŌTUM (cf. Ita. mòsso).
165 In Latin, the supine of MOVĒRE was MŌTUM (cf. Ita. mòsso).

166 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
166 Where, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

167 En latino, lo supino de PARĒRE èra PARĬTUM.
167 In Latin, the supine of PARĒRE was PARĬTUM.

168 Cui, la alternantia d(→dz), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
168 Cui, the alternation of (→dz), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

PLACEREPLACE

here.

2nd




ce→cîa(/ccîa)
ce→ccia(/ccia)


169

REMANEREto remain

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)


pp. (remaso)
pp. (of the eyes)

SEDERESIT

here.

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


170

SOLEREUSUALLY

here.

2nd


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)


171

TACEREBE SILENT

here.

2nd




ce→cîa(/ccîa)
ce→ccia(/ccia)


172

TEMERETO FEAR

here.

2nd




173



TENEREHOLD

here.

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)


174

VALEREBE WORTH

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)


175

VEDEREVIEW

here.

2nd



CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


pp. (visto) pp. (view)

DETENEREHOLD

here.

2nd


e→è 176

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)


177

POSSEDERETO POSSESS

(cf. sedere)(cf. sit)

here.

2nd


e→è 178

CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


179

EMPLEREfill

(> emplire)(> fill)

here.

2ª (>4ª)2nd (>4th)

´_(→´ )



180


181

ACCADERETO HAPPEN

(cf. càdere)(cf. frame)

here.

2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)



CADEREFALL

(< Lat. vul. *CADĒRE
(< Lat. vul. *CADĒRE

< Lat. clàs. CADĔRE)
< Lat. class. CADĔRE)

here.

2nd


(<3ª)(<3ª)



CVC(→CC)

d(→jj/ddz)


182

VOLEREWANT

(< Lat. vul. *VŎLĒRE
(< Lat. vul. *VŎLĒRE

< Lat. clàs. VĔLLE)
< Lat. class. VĔLLE)

here.

2nd


(<183)


o→ò

CVC(→CC)

l(→llî)



HAVERE


here.

2ª irr.



CVC(→CC)

v→bbi/jj 184


185

POTERECANDIES


here.

2ª irr.


o→ò

CVC(→CC)




OBTENEREI WILL GET

(cf. tenere)(cf. keep)

presta. 186
provides. 186

2nd


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



ESTERGEREESTERGETHER

(< estèrgere(< estèrgere

< Lat. vul. *EXTĔRGĔRE
< Lat. vul. *EXTĔRGĔRE

< Lat. clas. EXTERGĒRE)
< Lat. class. EXTERGĒRE)


2ª (<3ª2nd (<3rd


<2ª)<2ª)


e→è


ge→gîa



MORDEREBITE

(< mòrdere(< murderer

<Lat. vul. *MŎRDĔRE

< Lat. clas. MORDĒRE)
< Lat. class. MURDER)


2ª (<3ª2nd (<3rd


<2ª)<2ª)


o→ò






169 En latino, lo supino de PLACĒRE èra PLACĬTUM.
169 In Latin, the supine of PLACĒRE was PLACĬTUM.

170 En latino, lo supino de SEDĒRE èra SESSUM.
170 In Latin, the supine of SEDĒRE was SESSUM.

171 En latino, lo supino de SOLĒRE èra SŎLĬTUM.
171 In Latin, the supine of SOLĒRE was SŎLĬTUM.

172 En latino, lo supino de TACĒRE èra TACĬTUM.
172 In Latin, the supine of TACĒRE was TACĬTUM.

173 Cui, la alternantia m(→mmi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
173 Cui, the alternation m(→mmi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

174 En latino, lo supino de TENĒRE èra TENTUM.
174 In Latin, the supine of TENĒRE was TENTUM.

175 En latino, lo supino de VALĒRE èra VALITUM (cf. Ita. valso).
175 In Latin, the supine of VALĒRE was VALITUM (cf. Ita. walso).

176 De lo latino DETĬNĒRE (derivato de TĔNĒRE), mais con influxo de TĔNĒRE: detènnîo (con -è-) como tènnîo.
176 From Latin DETĬNĒRE (derivative of TĔNĒRE), but with influx of TĔNĒRE: detennío (with -è-) as hold.

177 En latino, lo supino de DETĬNĒRE èra DETENTUM.
177 In Latin, the supine of DETĬNĒRE was DETENTUM.

178 De lo latino POSSĬDĒRE (derivato de SĔDĒRE), mais con influxo de SĔDĒRE: possèdo (con -è-) como sèdo.
178 From the Latin POSSĬDĒRE (derivative of SĔDĒRE), but with influx of SĔDĒRE: possessor (with -è-) as seat.

179 En latino, lo supino de POSSĬDĒRE èra POSSESSUM.
179 In Latin, the supine of POSSĬDĒRE was POSSESSUM.

180 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara. En qualonque caso, resultaría en una sequèntia diffícile de pronuntiare.
180 Where, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare. In any case, it would result in a difficult sequence to pronounce.

181 En latino, lo supino de IMPLĒRE èra IMPLĒTUM.
181 In Latin, the supine of IMPLĒRE was IMPLĒTUM.

182 En latino, lo supino de CADĔRE (3ª conj.) èra CĀSUM (cf. OCCASUS).
182 In Latin, the supine of CADĔRE (3rd conj.) was CĀSUM (cf. OCCASUS).

183 Lo latino VĔLLE èra uno vèrbo anòmalo. Deveniu *VŎLĒRE depòs de lo cambio VOLO > VOLEO (FEW).
183 The Latin VĔLLE was an anomalous verb. Deveniu *VŎLĒRE deposits of the change FLIGHT > FLIGHT (FEW).

184 Semelante ad la alternantia v→v(/bbi/jj), mais sene la variante reguare.
184 Similar to the alternation v→v(/bbi/jj), but without the variant reguare.

185 En latino, lo supino de HABĒRE èra HABĬTUM.
185 In Latin, the supine of HABĒRE was HABĬTUM.

186 Prestato de lo latino OBTĬNĒRE (derivato de TĔNĒRE), mais con influxo de TĔNĒRE: obtènnîo (con -è- et –nnî-) como
186 Borrowed from Latin OBTĬNĒRE (derivative of TĔNĒRE), but with influx of TĔNĒRE: obtain (with -è- and –nnî-) as

tènnîo.tennîo.

RIDERELAUGH

(< rídere(< ridere

< Lat. vul. RĪDĔRE
< Lat. vul. RĪDĔRE

< Lat. clàs. RĪDĒRE)
< Lat. class. RĪDĒRE)


2ª (<3ª2nd (<3rd


<2ª)<2ª)







ACCENDERETURN ON

(< accèndere)
(< accèndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





ADDUCEREto bring

(< addúcere)(< addúcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



AJJUNGERE

(< ajjúngere)
(< ajjúngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



APPARESCERE

(< apparéscere)
(< apparescere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



APPRENDERELEARN

(< apprèndere)
(< apprèndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





ASCENDERETO CLIMB

(< ascèndere)
(< ascèndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





BATTEREBEAT

(< bàttere)(< battery)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




BEVERE

(< bévere)(< bevere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




CAPEREto catch

(< càpere)(<capere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CLAUDERECLOSE

(< clàudere)(<clàudere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







COGNOSCEREget to know

(< cognóscere)
(< cognóscere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



COLLEGERE

(< collégere)
(< collégere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



COMEDEREto eat

(< comèdere)(< comedere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





COMPRENDERECOMPREHEND

(< comprèndere)
(< comprèndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





COMPRIMERECOMPRESS

(< comprímere)(<compress)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CONCLUDERETO CONCLUDE

(< conclúdere)
(< concludere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CONDUCERELEAD

(< condúcere)(<condúcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



CONOSCEREKNOW

(< conóscere)
(< conóscere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



CORRERERUN

(< córrere)(<correre)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







COSERETHINGS

(< cósere)(< cósere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







COSPERE

(< cóspere)(< cospere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CREDEREBELIEVE

(< crédere)(< credere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







CRESCEREGROW

(< créscere)(<créscere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



DEBATTEREDEBATE

(< debàttere)(< debate)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




DECIDEREDECIDE

(< decídere)(< decídere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







DESCENDEREto descend


2nd


e→è





(< descèndere)
(< descendèndere)


(<3ª)(<3ª)







DESPENDERESPEND

(< despèndere)
(< despèndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è

CVC(→CC)




DIRIGEREDIRECT

(< dirígere)(< dirígere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



DIVIDERESPLIT

(< divídere)(< dividere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







DUCEREto lead

(< dúcere)(< dúcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



ELEGEREstylish

(< elégere)(< elégere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



EMPENGERE

(< empéngere)
(< empéngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



ENDUCEREENDUCE

(< endúcere)(< endúcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



ENTENDEREUNDERSTAND

(< entèndere)
(< entèndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





ESCABERE

(< escàbere)(< escàbere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







ESCOLLEGERE

(< escollégere)
(< escollégere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



ESCRIVERE

(< escrívere)
(< escrívere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







ESTENGEREEXTINGUISH

(< esténgere)
(< esténgere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



ESTRENGERE

(< estréngere)(< stricter)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



EXPRIMERESQUEEZE

(< exprímere)(< express)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







EXSISTEREto exist

(< exsístere)
(< exsístere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







EXTRAGEREEXTRACTION

(< extràgere)(<extràgere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



FENDEREFENDERS

(< féndere)(< féndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







INTRODUCERE

(< introdúcere)
(< introduction)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



JUNGEREto join

(< júngere)(< younger)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



LEGERE

(< lègere)(< legere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è


ge→gîa



METTEREPUT

(< méttere)(< mettere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




NASCEREBE BORN

(< nàscere)(< nascere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



NINGERENONE

(< níngere)(< níngere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



OCCIDEREto kill

(< occídere)(< occídere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







PARESCEREto spare

(< paréscere)
(< paréscere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



PENGEREMONEY

(< péngere)(< pengere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



PERDERELOSE

(< pèrdere)(< perdere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PERMETTEREALLOW

(< perméttere)
(< perméttere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




PETEREto ask

(< pètere)(< pètere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PLOVERE

(< plòvere)(< plòvere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò

CVC(→CC)




PONEREto put

(< pónere)(< pónere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




PREMERETO PRESS

(< prèmere)(< first)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PRENDERETAKE

(< prèndere)(< prendere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





PRODUCEREPRODUCE

(< prodúcere)(<prodúcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



PROPONEREto propose

(< propónere)
(< propónere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




RADERESHAVE

(< ràdere)(< ràdere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







RECEPEREto receive

(< recépere)(< recépere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







RECOGNOSCERERECOGNIZE

(< recognóscere)(<recognise)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



RECOLLEGERE
to collect again

(< recollégere)
(< recollégere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



RECONOSCERE
I WILL RECOGNIZE

(< reconóscere)
(< reconóscere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



RENDEREGIVE

(< rèndere)(< render)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





REPETEREREPEAT

(< repètere)(< repètere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





RESPONDEREto answer

(< respòndere)(< respond)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò





ROMPEREBREAK

(< rómpere)(< rompere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







SOPPRIMERESUPPRESS

(< sopprímere)
(< sopprimere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







SORPRENDERETO SURPRISE

(< sorprèndere)
(< sorprendere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





SOSPENDERESUSPEND

(< sospèndere)
(< sospendere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è

CVC(→CC)




SUCCEDEREHAPPEN

(< succèdere)
(< succèdere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


e→è





SUFFICEREENOUGH

(< suffícere)
(< suffícere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ce→cîa



SUGERESUGGESTS

(< súgere)(< sugere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



SUPPONEREto assume

(< suppónere)
(< suppónere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




TORCERETO TWIST

(< tòrcere)(< tòrcere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò


ce→cîa



TRAGEREDRAWING

(< tràgere)(< tragere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)




ge→gîa



TRAMETTERETRANSMIT

(< traméttere)
(< traméttere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







VENCEREWIN


2nd




ce→cîa



(< véncere)(< vencere)


(<3ª)(<3ª)







VENDERESELL

(< véndere)(< véndere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)







VIVERELIVE

(< vívere)(< vívere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)



CVC(→CC)




VOLVEREto roll

(< vòlvere)(< vòlvere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò

CVC(→CC)




VOMEREto vomit

(< vòmere)(< vòmere)


2ª (<3ª)2nd (<3rd)


o→ò





DICEREto say

(< dícere)(< dicere)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(<3ª err.)




ce→cîa



FACEREDO

(< fàcere)(< facere)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(<3ª err.)




ce→cîa



INTERDICEREto forbid

(< interdícere)
(< interdícere)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(<3ª err.)




ce→cîa



VADEREFATHERS

(< vàdere)(< vadere)


2nd

(<3ª irr.)(<3ª err.)







SERESECURE

(< èssere)(< èssere)


2ª irr. (<3ª irr.)
2ª irr. (<3ª irr.)







SAPEREKNOW

(<Lat. vul. *SAPĒRE(

< Lat. clàs. SAPĔRE) 187
< Lat. class. SAPĔRE) 187


2ª irr.


(<3ª mixta)(<3ª mixta)



CVC(→CC)

p→ppi/ccî 188



ACCÀDEREHAPPEN

(cf. accadere)(cf. happen)


3rd

à→a


CVC(→CC)




ACCÈNDEREACCEND

here.

3rd

è→e





pp. (acceso)189
pp. (access)189

ADDÚCEREto bring


3rd

ú→u



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (addocto)

AJJÚNGEREAJUNGERE


3rd

ú→u



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (ajjunto)

APPARÉSCEREAPPEAR


3rd

é→e



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



APPRÈNDERELEARN


3rd

è→e





pp. (appreso)

ASCÈNDEREASCEND


3rd

è→e





pp. (asceso)
pp. (ascended)

BÀTTEREBATTERE

< Lat. tardo BATTĔRE
< Lat. tardo BATTĔRE

< Lat. clàs. BATTUĔRE
< Lat. class. BATTUĔRE


3rd

à→a


CVC(→CC)




BÉVERE


3rd

é→e


CVC(→CC)



190

CÀDEREFALL

(cf. cadere)(cf. fall)

here.

3rd

à→a


CVC(→CC)




CÀPEREUNDERSTAND

< Lat. clàs. CAPĔRE
< Lat. class. CAPĔRE


3rd

(<3ª mixta)(<3ª mixta)

à→a


CVC(→CC)

p→p(/ppi/ccî)


pp. (capto)
pp. (caught)

CLÀUDERECLAUDERE


3rd

à→a





pp. (clauso)
pp. (closed)

COGNÓSCEREKNOW


3rd

ó→o



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


191

COLLÉGERECOLLEGE


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (collècto)

COMÈDERE


3rd

è→e





192

COMPRÈNDEREUNDERSTAND


3rd

è→e





pp. (compreso)
pp. (included)

COMPRÍMERECOMPRESS

(cf. prèmere)(see first)

presta.provides.

3rd

í→i





pp. (comprèsso)
pp. (including)

CONCLÚDERECONCLUDE


3rd

ú→u





pp. (concluso)
pp. (concluded)

CONDÚCEREDRIVE IT


3rd

ú→u



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (condocto)


187 Tres vèrbos molto frequèntes cambian de la conjugatione 3ª ad la 2ª en grande parte de lo romance: sàpere, càpere, càdere > sapere, capere, cadere (DÉRom, s.v. */'kad‑e‑/).
187 Three very frequent verbs change from the 3rd to the 2nd conjugation in much of Romance: to know, to caper, to cadere > to know, to cadere, to cadere (DÉRom, sv */'kad‐e‐/).

188 Semelante ad la alternantia p→p(/ppi/ccî), mais sene la variante regulare.
188 Semelante ad la alternantia p→p(/ppi/ccî), corn without the regular variant.

189 En latino, ACCĒNSUM.
189 A child, ACCĒNSUM.

190 En latino, lo supino de BĬBĔRE èra BĬBĬTUM.
190 In Latin, the supine of BĬBĔRE was BĬBĬTUM.

191 En latino, lo supino de COGNOSCĔRE èra COGNĬTUM.
191 In Latin, the supine of COGNOSCĔRE was COGNĬTUM.

192 En latino, lo supino de ĔDĔRE èra ĒSUM.
192 In Latin, the supine of ĔDĔRE was ĒSUM.

CONÓSCEREget to know


3rd

ó→o



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


193

CÓRRERERUN


3rd

ó→o





pp. (corso)
pp. (course)

CRÉDERE


3rd

é→e





194

CRÉSCERECRESCERE


3rd

é→e



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



DEBÀTTERE


3rd

à→a


CVC(→CC)




DECÍDEREDECIDE


3rd

í→i





pp. (deciso)
pp. (decided)

DESCÈNDEREDESCENT


3rd

è→e





pp. (desceso)
pp. (descend)

DESPÈNDEREDISPENSER


3rd

è→e


CVC(→CC)



pp. (despeso)
pp. (expense)

DIRÍGERELEAD


3rd

í→i



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (dirècto)
pp. (direct)

DIVÍDEREDIVIDE IT


3rd

í→i





pp. (diviso)
pp. (divided)

DÚCEREDAUGHTER


3rd

ú→u



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (docto) 195
pp. (learned) 195

ELÉGEREENOUGH


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (elècto)

EMPÉNGEREMONEY


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (empento) 196
pp. (push) 196

ENDÚCEREENDUCERS


3rd

ú→u



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (endocto) 197
pp. (introduced) 197

ENTÈNDEREUNDERSTAND


3rd

è→e


CVC(→CC)



pp. (enteso)
pp. (I understand)

ESCÀBEREESCAPE


3rd

à→a






ESCOLLÉGERECHOOSE YOU


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (escollècto)
pp. (choose)

ESCRÍVERESCRIVER


3rd

í→i





pp. (escripto) 198
pp. (written) 198

ESTÉNGERE


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (estento)
pp. (extent)

ESTÈRGEREEXERCISE


3rd

è→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (estèrso)
pp. (stress)

ESTRÉNGERE


3rd




ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (estrecto)
pp. (narrow)

EXPRÍMEREEXPRESS

(cf. prèmere)(see first)

presta.provides.

3rd

í→i





pp. (exprèsso)
pp. (express)

EXSÍSTEREEXISTS


3rd

í→i






EXTRÀGEREEXTRACT


3rd

à→a



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (extracto)
pp. (extract)

FÉNDEREFENDER


3rd

é→e





pp. (fesso) pp. (fool)

INTRODÚCEREINTRODUCER


3rd

ú→u



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (introdocto)
pp. (introduced)

JÚNGEREJUNGER


3rd

ú→u



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (junto)
pp. (together)

LÈGERELIGHT


3rd

è→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (lècto)

MÉTTERESATISFY


3rd

é→e


CVC(→CC)



pp. (messo)
pp. (put in order)

MÒRDEREBITE


3rd

ò→o





pp. (mòrso) pp. (bite)

NÀSCEREBE BORN


3rd

à→a



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (nato) pp. (born)

NÍNGERE


3rd

í→i



ge→gîa(/ga)



OCCÍDEREto kill


3rd

í→i






PARÉSCEREPARESCERE


3rd

é→e



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



PÈNDEREHANG


3rd

è→e





pp. (peso)
pp. (pesos)

PÉNGEREPENGERE


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (pento) 199
pp. (repentant) 199

PÈRDERE


3rd

è→e


CVC(→CC)



200

PERMÉTTERESPRING SPACE


3rd

é→e


CVC(→CC)



pp. (permesso)
pp. (permit)

PÈTEREPETERE


3rd

è→e






PLÒVERERAIN


3rd

ò→o


CVC(→CC)




PÓNEREPONERE


3rd

ó→o


CVC(→CC)



pp. (pòsto)
pp. (place)

PRÈMEREFIRST


3rd

è→e





pp. (prèsso)
pp. (close)

PRÈNDERE


3rd

è→e





pp. (preso)
pp. (taken)


193 En latino, lo supino de COGNOSCĔRE èra COGNĬTUM.
193 In Latin, the supine of COGNOSCĔRE was COGNĬTUM.

194 En latino, lo supino de CRĒDĔRE èra CRĒDĬTUM.
194 In Latin, the supine of CRĒDĔRE was CRĒDĬTUM.

195 Lo participio regularizzato duciûto èst raro en romance.
195 The regularized participle duciûto èstrare en romance.

196 De lo Lat. vul. *impĭnctus, participio de impingĕre en lòco de lo clàssico impactus (GDLC). Lo participio regularizzato empengîuto èst raro en romance.
196 Of the Lat. vol. *impĭnctus, participio de impingĕre instead of the classic impactus (GDLC). The regularized participle empengîuto is rare in Romance.

197 Lo participio regularizzato duciûto èst raro en romance.
197 The regularized participle duciûto èstrare en romance.

198 Lo participio regularizzato escrivuto èst raro en romance.
198 The written regularized participle is rare in Romance.

199 Lo participio regularizzato pengîuto èst raro en romance. Lo supino latino èra PICTUM.
199 The regularized participle pengîuto èstrare en romance. The Latin supine was PICTUM.

200 Lo italiano ha, en plus de lo regulare perduto, lo participio pèrso, mais lo latino haveva lo supino PERDĬTUM.
200 The Italian has, in addition to the regular lost, the participle pèrso, but the Latin had the supine PERDĬTUM.

PRODÚCEREPRODUCE


3rd

ú→u



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (prodocto)

PROPÓNEREPROPONERE


3rd

ó→o


CVC(→CC)



pp. (propòsto)
pp. (proposal)

RÀDERESHAVE


3rd

à→a






RECÉPERERECOVER

<Lat. clàs. RECĬPĔRE


3rd

(<3ª mixta)(<3ª mixta)

é→e


CVC(→CC)

201



RECOGNÓSCERERECOGNIZE


3rd

ó→o



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



RECOLLÉGERERECOLLECTION


3rd

é→e



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (recollècto)
pp. (collect)

RECONÓSCERERECOGNIZE


3rd

ó→o



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



RÈNDERE


3rd

è→e





pp. (reso)

REPÈTEREREPEAT


3rd

è→e






RESPÒNDEREANSWER


3rd

ò→o





pp. (respòsto)
pp. (answer)

RÍDEREDIRECTOR


3rd

í→i





pp. (riso) pp. (rice)

RÓMPEREBREAK


3rd

ó→o





pp. (ropto)

SOPPRÍMERESOPR PRIMER

(cf. prèmere)(see first)

presta.provides.

3rd

í→i





pp. (sopprèsso)
pp. (suppressed)

SORPRÈNDERESURPRISING


3rd

è→e





pp. (sorpreso)
pp. (surprised)

SOSPÈNDERESUSPENDER


3rd

è→e


CVC(→CC)



pp. (sospeso)
pp. (suspended)

SUCCÈDERESUCCEEDS


3rd

è→e





pp. (succèsso)
pp. (success)

SUFFÍCEREENOUGH


3rd

í→i



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



SÚGEREWhisper


3rd

ú→u



ge→gîa(/ga)



SUPPÓNEREto assume


3rd

ó→o


CVC(→CC)



pp. (suppòsto)
pp. (supposedly)

TÒRCERETWIST


3rd

ò→o



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)



TRÀGEREDRAG


3rd

à→a



ge→gîa(/ga)


pp. (tracto)
pp. (tract)

TRAMÉTTEREFRAMETER


3rd

é→e


CVC(→CC)



pp. (tramesso)
pp. (transmitted)

VÉNCEREOVERCOME


3rd

é→e



ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (vinto) pp. (won)

VÉNDEREHIS GUEST


3rd

é→e






VÍVEREFOOD


3rd

í→i


CVC(→CC)



pp. (vixuto)
pp. (lived)

VÒLVERE
I WILL BE BACK


3rd

ò→o


CVC(→CC)



pp. (vòlto) pp. (volt)

VÒMEREVOMIT


3rd

ò→o






VÀDERESEE


3ª irr

à→a






DÍCEREDAUGHTER


3ª irr.

í→i


CER(→R)

ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (dicto) 202
pp. (said) 202

ÈSSEREBE


3ª irr.







FÀCEREDO

<Lat. clàs. FACĔRE


3ª irr.

(<3ª mixta)(<3ª mixta)

à→a


CER(→R)

ce→cîa(/ccîa) ce→cîa(/ca)
what→ca(/ccîa) what→ca(/ca)


pp. (facto) pp. (fact)

INTERDÍCEREFORBIDDEN

(como dícere)(as you say)


3ª irr.

í→i


CER(→R)

ce→cîa(/ca)what→ca(/as)


pp. (interdicto) 203
pp. (prohibited) 203

MÒVEREMOVE

(< movere)(< movere)


3ª (<2ª)3rd (<2nd)

ò→o






CÓSERE 204

(> cosire)(> cosire)


3ª (>4ª)3rd (>4th)

ó→o






CÓSPERE 205COSPERE 205

(> cospire)(> conspire)


3ª (>4ª)3rd (>4th)

ó→o






ADDORMIRESLEEP

here.

4th


o→ò


206

(→isc.)


APERIREto open

(cf. aprire)(cf. open)

here.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

207

(→isc.)

pp. (apèrto)208
pp. (open)208

APRIREOPEN

here.

4th




209

(→isc.)

pp. (apèrto)210
pp. (open)210


201 Cui, la alternantia p→p(/ppi/ccî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
201 Where, the alternation p→p(/ppi/ccî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

202 Lo participio regularizzato dicîuto èst raro en romance.
202 The regularized participle said is rare in romance.

203 Lo participio regularizzato interdicîuto èst raro en romance.
203 The regularized participle interdicîuto èstrare en romance.

204 De lo latino CONSŬĔRE. Cf. cóspere.
204 From the Latin CONSŬĔRE. Cf. cóspere.

205 De lo latino CONSPŬĔRE. Cf. cósere.
205 From the Latin CONSPŬĔRE. Cf. things.

206 Cui, la alternantia m(→mi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
206 Cui, the alternation m(→mi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

207 Cui, la alternantia r(→ri), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
207 Where, the alternation r(→ri), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

208 Lo participio regularizzato aperito èst raro en romance.
208 The regularized participle aperito èstrare en romance.

(cf. aperire)(see open)









AUDIRETO HEAR

here.

4th



CVC(→CC)

d(→dz)

(→isc.)


CONVENIREto meet

here.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



DORMIRESLEEP

here.

4th


o→ò


211

(→isc.)


ESCIREESCAPE

here.

4th




ci→cîa



EXIREgo out

here.

4th


e→è


x(→ssî)

(→isc.)


MUGIREGET IT

here.

4th




gi→gîa(/ggîa)
gi→ggia(/gggia)

(→isc.)


PARTIRESTART

here.

4th




212

(→isc.)


RUGIRE

here.

4th




gi→gîa(/ggîa)
gi→ggia(/gggia)

(→isc.)


SENTIREFEEL

here.

4th


e→è


213



SERVIRESERVE

here.

4th


e→è


214

(→isc.)


VENIRECOME

here.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



VESTIRETO DRESS

here.

4th


e→è


215

(→isc.)


FINIREFINISH

here.

4th




216

(→isc.)


IRE

here.

4ª irr.







COMPLIRE

(< complere)(<complere)

here.

4ª (<2ª)4th (<2nd)


o→ò


217

(→isc.)


MORIREDIE

(<Lat. vul. MŎRĪRE(

< Lat. clàs. MŎRĪ)
< Lat. class. MŎRĪ)

here.

4th


(<3ª mixta)(<3ª mixta)


o→ò


218

(→isc.)

pp. (mòrto) pp. (died)

OFFERIREOFFER

(<Lat. ŎFFĔRRE 219)(

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)

´_(→´ )

e→è (o→ò)


220

(→isc.)

pp. (offèrto)
pp. (provided)

SEQUIRE

(< sèquere)(< sequere)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)

221

CONSEQUIRE

(< consèquere)
(<consèquere)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)

222

PERSEQUIREto pursue

(< persèquere)
(< persèquere)

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)


FUGIRERUN AWAY

(<Lat. clàs. fugĕre)(

here.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)




gi→gîa(/ggîa)
gi→ggia(/gggia)

223

(→isc.)


AVVENIRETO HAPPEN

(derivato de venire)
(derivative of come)

roman.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)




209 Cui, la alternantia r(→ri), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
209 Where, the alternation r(→ri), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

210 Lo participio regularizzato aprito èst raro en romance.
210 The open regularized participle èstrare en romance.

211 Cui, la alternantia m(→mi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
211 Where, the alternation m (→mi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

212 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
212 Cui, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

213 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
213 Cui, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

214 Cui, la alternantia v(→vi), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
214 Cui, the alternation v(→vi), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

215 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
215 Where, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

216 Cui, la alternantia n(→nnî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
216 Where, the alternation n(→nnî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

217 Cui, la alternantia l(→llî), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
217 Where, the alternation l(→llî), if it exists in Romance, is ancient or rare.

218 La variante mòrere (< Lat. vul. MŎRĔRE, plus pròxima ad Lat. clàs. MŎRĪ, vèrbo deponènte de la conj. 3ª mixta) sí consèrva lo paradigma traditionale (con r(→ri)) en Por. morrer (morria). Cui, –rr- non èst resultato de la iòd. El “port. morrer (probablemente refacción de un arcaico morre < mórere)” (DCECH).
218 The variant mòrere (< Lat. vul. MŎRĔRE , closer to Lat. class MŎRĪ , deponent verb of the mixed 3rd conjugation) does preserve the traditional paradigm (with r(→ri)) in Por. die ( morria ). Where, -rr- is not the result of iodine. The "port. morrer (probably refaction of an archaic morre < mórere )" (DCECH).

219 cf. Sar. log. offérrere; cf. los prèstetos preferire, referire
219 cf. Like. log. offer; cf. prefer loans, refer

220 Cui, la alternantia r(→ri), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
220 Where, the alternation r(→ri), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

221 Lo adjectivo sequènte (como lo substantivo sequèntia) presènta -è- et non -i- per que èst uno derivato de lo part. presènte latino, onde lo vèrbo èra de la conjugatione 3ª.
221 The following adjective (like the following noun) presents -è- and not -i- because it is a derivative of the part. present Latin, where the verb was of the conjugation 3a.

222 Lo adjectivo consequènte presènta -è- et non -i- per que èst uno derivato de lo part. presènte latino, onde lo
222 The consequent adjective presents -è- and not -i- because it is a derivative of the part. present Latin, where it will

vèrbo èra de la conjugatione 3ª.
verb was of the 3rd conjugation.

223 En lo vèrbo fugire (< Lat. vul. fugire, mais Lat. fugĕre.), lo italiano et lo rumèno presèntan formas sene palatalizzare como Ita. fuggo, Rum. fug, plus pròprias de la conjugatione 3ª. Non obstante, lo neolatino presènta fuggîo, en plus de fugîo. Secondo lo FEW, lo romance continúa solamente fugire, si bène en francese “ist es zeitweise wiederum von den verben auf –re attrahiert worden”.
223 In the verb fugire (< Lat. vul. fugire , mais Lat. fugĕre .), Italian and Romanian present forms without palatalization like Ita. fuggo , Rum. fug , more typical of the conjugation 3a. However, Neo-Latin has fuggîo , in addition to fugîo . According to the FEW, the romance continues only to flee , if bène in French "is sometimes attracted again from the verben auf -re ".

COLPIREHIT

(derivato de còlpo)
(blow derivative)

roman.

4th


o→ò



(→isc.)


DESVESTIREUNDRESS

(derivato de vestire)
(derivative of dress)

roman.

4th


e→è


224

(→isc.)


EVENIREto happen

presta.provides.

4th


e→è

CVC(→CC)

n(→nnî)



CONSTRUIREBUILD

presta.provides.

4th


u→ú



(→isc.)


EXPEDIREto send

(cf. espedire here.)

presta.provides.

4th


e→è



(→isc.)


PREFERIREPREFER

(cf. offerire here.)

presta.provides.

4th


e→è



(→isc.)


REFERIRE

(cf. offerire here.)

presta.provides.

4th


e→è



(→isc.)


UNIREUNITE

presta.provides.

4th





(→isc.)


PROHIBIRE

presta.provides.

4ª (<2ª)4th (<2nd)





(→isc.)


DIVERTIREAMUSE

(< Lat. DIVERTĔRE)
(< Lat. DIVERTĔRE)

presta.provides.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


e→è



(→isc.)


FLUIRETO FLOW

(< Lat. FLŬĔRE)
(< Lat. FLŬĔRE)

presta.provides.

4ª (<3ª)4th (<3rd)


u→ú



(→isc.)



8. 2. REVISIONE DE LO NEOLATINO (2012 vs. actuale)
‌8. 2. REVIEW OF NEOLATINE (2012 vs. current)

Lo projècto Vía Neolatina, pòs annos de estudio, publicau en 2012 una propòsta de modèllo de lengua aut estàndarde linguístico “con las caracteristicas communes o mais generales de las varietates de romance parlatas per los diversos popolos neolatinos”. Et cuello modèllo de lengua ha essuto provato/usato oralemente et per escripto durante annos per uno gruppetto de personas, principalemente mèmbros de lo projècto (Mòstra de la quantitate de tèxtos producitos èst lo Còrpus de tèxtos en neolatino, que summa mais de 125 pàginas et mais de
The Vía Neolatina project, after years of study, published in 2012 a proposal for a model of high linguistic standard language "with the common or more general characteristics of the Romance varieties spoken by the various Neolatin peoples. This model of language has been tested / used orally and in writing for years by a group of people, mainly members of the project (Sample of the quantity of texts produced is the Corpus of texts in Neolatin , which totals more than 125 pages and more than

48.000 paraulas).
48,000 words).

Non obstante, cuello documènto de presentatione, titulato Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino, èra una “pettitta contribuzione [...] al processo de codificazione neolatina”. Et en elle una nota indicava que:
Nonetheless, this presentation document, entitled Essential Elements of Neo-Latin Romance , was a "small contribution [...] to the process of Neo-Latin codification". And in it a note indicated that:

En lo futuro, lo proiecto Via Neolatina espera potere contribuire una opera plus completa e correcta de possibiles errores.
In the future, the project Via Neolatina hopes to be able to contribute a more complete and correct work of possible errors.

Por mellîorare cuella propòsta, Vía Neolatina initiau en 2016 una revisione de qualques aspèctos insatisfactòrios de lo modèllo initiale. Uno anno depòs, en decèmbre de 2017, lo documènto Principios de desegno de lo romànece neolatino includeva la sequènte nòta:
To improve this proposal, Vía Neolatina initialized in 2016 a revision of some unsatisfactory aspects of the initial model. A year later, in December 2017, the document Principles of Design of Neo-Latin Romance included the following note:

Lo modèllo de lengua usato en la redaczione de lo presènte documènto introducet qualques innovaziones, como per exèmplo: práctica → pràctica; havere → avere; besogna → besonha; teoria teoría; complementário → complementario [con diptòngo]; canta → cantat; ja, que, sí → jam, qued, sic. Non obstante, cuestos cambios son provisionales: deven èssere ancora confirmatos con los nòvos principios.
The language model used in the writing of this document introduced some innovations, such as: practice → practice ; other → other ; need → need ; theorytheory ; complementary → complementary [with diphthong]; sings → sung ; already, that, yes → already, qued, sic . However, these changes are provisional: they must still be confirmed with the new principles.


224 Cui, la alternantia t(→ts), si exsiste en romance, èst antica aut rara.
224 Where, the alternation t(→ts), if it exists in Romance, is ancient and rare.

Vía Neolatina ha continuato la revisione, en parte modificando qualques innovationes experimentatas durante lo procèsso (como besonha → besonnîa; jam, qued, sic → ja, que, sí; avere → havere/avere; cantat → canta/cantat). Et finalemente, en 2019, substituiu lo documènto Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino (2012) per una Grammàtica Essentiale Neolatina (GEN) et uno Dictionario Essentiale Neolatino (DEN). Cuestos nòvos documèntos proponen uno neolatino mellîorato, et son actualizzatos ad mesura que avantsa lo procèsso de revisione.
Via Neolatina has continued the revision, partly modifying some innovations experienced during the process (such as besonha → besonnîa ; jam, qued, sic → already, that, yes ; avere → havere/avere ; cantat → canta/cantat ). And finally, in 2019, it replaced the document Elementos essenziales del romance neolatino (2012) with a Grammàtica Essentialale Neolatino (GEN) and a Dictionario Essentialale Neolatino (DEN). These new documents propose an improved Neo-Latin, and are updated as the revision process progresses.

Los sequèntes pontos sumarizzan los principales cambios de lo neolatino en comparatione con lo modèllo de 2012:
The following points summarize the main changes of the neolatino compared to the 2012 model:


Accènto gràfico sopre la vocale a:
Graphic accent above the vowel a:

  1. protètica ante s + consonante:
    prosthetic before s + consonant:


Derivatos de ecce:
Here are the derivatives:

ÍndiceIndex

9. BIBLIOGRAFÍA
‌9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

9. 1. BIBLIOGRAFÍA CITATA
9. 1. CITED BIBLIOGRAPHY

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B ATLLORI , Montserrat, Beatriz B LECUA et Assumpció ROST (2009) "Evolution and phonological acquisition of the voiced labiodental fricative in Spanish" in Diachronic linguistics (Joan Rafel, coord.). Girona: Documenta Universitaria.

BERTINETTO, Pier Marco et Michele LOPORCARO (2005) "The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome" en Journal of the International Phonetic Association 35 (2). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

CAMPOS LIMA, [João Evangelista] (1948) Gramática Internacional. Lisboa: Campos Lima. CANEPARI, Luciano (2008). La pronuncia «neutra, internazionale» del latino classico. S.c.: s.e.
CAMPOS LIMA, [João Evangelista] (1948) International Grammar. Lisbon: Campos Lima. CANEPARI, Luciano (2008). It is pronounced "neutral, international" in classical Latin. SC: if

CASSANY, Jordi (2012) Elemèntos essenziales del romance neolatino. València: Vía Neolatina. (2017) Principios de desegno de lo romance neolatino. Bucureste: Vía Neolatina.
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COROMINES, Joan i José Antonio PASCUAL. Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico (DCECH). Madrid: Gredos, 1980-1991.
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I BĂŞESCU , Cristina (1970) "On the existence of a sonorous labiodental fricative [v] in Cuban Spanish" in Actas del Tercer Congreso Internacional de Hispanistas (Carlos H. Magis, coord.). Mexico: El Colegio de México.

JENSEN, Frede (1999) A comparative study of Romance. New York: Peter Lang Publishing.

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Lingüística, vol. 57, n. 1 (enero). Ljubljana: Znanstvena založba Filozofske fakultete.
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MOLINA YÉVENES, José (1993). Iniciación a la fonética, fonología y morfología latinas.
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PATOTA, Giuseppe (2002) Outlines of historical grammar of Italian. Bologna: The Mill. POSNER, Rebecca (1996) The Romance Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

STROH, Wilfried (2009 [2007]) Le latin est mort, vive le latin!: Petite histoire d’une grande langue. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.
STROH, Wilfried (2009 [2007]) Latin is dead, long live Latin!: A short history of a great language. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.

TOURATIER, Christian (2008). Grammaire latine. Paris: Sedes.


9. 2. BIBLIOGRAFIA ET LIGÀMENES RECOMMANDATOS

9. 2. 1. BIBLIOGRAFIA RECOMMANDATA

9. 2. 1. 1. Grammàticas comparatas
9. 2. 1. 1. Comparative grammars


REINHEIMER, Sandra et Liliane TASMOWSKI. Pratique des Langues Romanes: espagnol, français, italien, portugais, roumain. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997. [Contène altrosí uno dictionario fra. ita. por. rom. cas. et lat. de 1.800 paraulas]
R EINHEIMER , Sandra and Liliane T ASMOWSKI . Practice of Romance Languages: Spanish, French, Italian, Portuguese, Romanian . Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997. [Contène altrosí uno dictionario fra. that. can. rom. case. et lat. of 1,800 words]

SCHMIDELY, Jack (coord.), Manuel ALVAR et Carmen HERNÁNDEZ: De una a cuatro lenguas. Intercomprensión románica: del español al portugués, al italiano y al francés. Madrid: Arco Libros, 2001.
SCHMIDELY, Jack (coord.), Manuel ALVAR and Carmen HERNÁNDEZ: From one to four languages. Romance intercomprehension: from Spanish to Portuguese, Italian and French. Madrid: Arco Libros, 2001.

TEYSSIER, Paul: Comprendre les langues romanes. Du français à l’espagnol, au portugais, à l’italien & au roumain. Méthode d’intercompréhension. París: Chandeigne, 2004.
TEYSSIER, Paul: Understanding Romance languages. From French to Spanish, Portuguese, Italian & Romanian. Intercomprehension method. Paris: Chandeigne, 2004.


9. 2. 1. 2. Dictionarios multilingues

VVAA: Diccionario Multilingüe (Español, Catalán, Euskera, Gallego, Portugués, Inglés, Francés, Alemán, Italiano, Ruso). Barcelona: Carroggio, 2004.
VVAA: Multilingual Dictionary (Spanish, Catalan, Basque, Galician, Portuguese, English, French, German, Italian, Russian). Barcelona: Carroggio, 2004.


9. 2. 1. 3. Mètodos de intercomprehensione
9. 2. 1. 3. Methods of intercomprehension

BONVINO, Elisabetta, Sandrine CADDEO, Eulalia VILAGINES SERRA et Salvador PIPPA. Eurom5: leggere e capire 5 lingue romanze. Milano: Hoepli, 2011.
BONVINO, Elisabetta, Sandrine CADDEO, Eulalia VILAGINES SERRA and Salvador PIPPA. Eurom5: read and understand 5 Romance languages. Milan: Hoepli, 2011.

GIUDICETTI, Gian Paolo, Costantino C.M. MAEDER, Horst G. KLEIN et Tilbert D. STEGMANN. EuroComRom - I sette setacci: Impara a leggere le lingue romanze! Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2002. [Disponíbile, altrosí, en altros romances]
G IUDICETTI , Gian Paolo, Costantino CM M AEDER , Horst G. K LEIN and Tilbert D. S TEGMANN . EuroComRom - The seven sieves: Learn to read Romance languages! Aachen: Shaker Verlag, 2002. [Available, elsewhere, in other romances]


9. 2. 2. LIGÀMENES RECOMMANDATOS 225

9. 2. 2. 1. Grammàticas comparatas
9. 2. 2. 1. Comparative grammars

Romanica Intercom (de Eulàlia Vilaginés Serra. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 2007).
Romanica Intercom (by Eulàlia Vilaginés Serra. Barcelona: University of Barcelona, ​​2007).

Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.romanicaintercom.com/
Free consultation at: http://www.romanicaintercom.com/


9. 2. 2. 2. Dictionarios monolingues

Diccionario de la Lengua Española (VVAA. Madrid: Real Academia Española, 2001), con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/
Dictionary of the Spanish Language (VVAA. Madrid: Royal Spanish Academy, 2001), with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/

Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa – com Acordo Ortográfico (VVAA. Porto: Porto Editora, 2011), con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.infopedia.pt/lingua-portuguesa/
Dictionary of the Portuguese Language – with Spelling Agreement (VVAA. Porto: Porto Editora, 2011), with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://www.infopedia.pt/lingua-portuguesa/


225 Consultatos lo 31 de decèmbre de 2011.
225 Retrieved 31 December 2011.

Dicţionarul explicativ al limbii române (VVAA. Academia Română, 1998), dictionario de rumèno con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://dexonline.ro/
Explanatory dictionary of the Romanian language (VVAA. Romanian Academy, 1998), dictionario de rumèno con informatione etimològica. Free consultations en: http://dexonline.ro/

Dizionario di Italiano on-line (VVAA. Milano: Garzanti Linguistica), con informatione fonètica, morfològica et etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/
Online Italian dictionary (VVAA. Milan: Garzanti Linguistica), with phonetic, morphological and etymological information. Free consultation en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/

Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana (GDLC) (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1998), con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.diccionari.cat/
Great Dictionary of the Catalan Language (GDLC) (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana, 1998), with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://www.diccionari.cat/

Trésor de la Langue Française informatisé (Dirs. Paul Imbs et Bernard Quémada. Paris: CNRS, 1971-1994), diccionario de francese con informatione etimològica. Consultatione gratuita en: http://atilf.atilf.fr/
Treasure of the Computerized French Language (Dirs. Paul Imbs and Bernard Quémada. Paris: CNRS, 1971-1994), French dictionary with etymological information. Free consultation at: http://atilf.atilf.fr/


9. 2. 2. 3. Dictionarios plurilingues

Diccionari de la llengua catalana multilingüe (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana), que include los romances catalano, castellano et francese. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm
Dictionary of the multilingual Catalan language (VVAA. Barcelona: Enciclopèdia Catalana), which includes the Catalan, Spanish and French romances. Free consultation at: http://www.grec.cat/cgibin/mlt00.pgm

Diccionario Espasa Grand: Español-Francés Français-Espagnol (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2000). Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.wordreference.com/esfr/
Diccionario Espasa Grand: Español-Francés Français-Espagnol (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa-Calpe, 2000). Free consultation at: http://www.wordreference.com/esfr/

Dicţionar Altadict (Bucarest: Altalingua EES), dictionario bilingue rumèno-anglese et anglese- rumèno. http://www.altadict.ro/
Dicţionar Altadict (Bucharest: Altalingua EES), dictionario bilingue rumèno-anglese et anglese-rumèno. http://www.altadict.ro/

Dizionario di Francese on-line (VVAA. Milano: Garzanti Linguistica), dictionario bilingue italiano-francese et francese-italiano. Consultatione gratuita en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/
Online French dictionary (VVAA. Milan: Garzanti Linguistica), bilingual Italian-French and French-Italian dictionary. Free consultation en: http://garzantilinguistica.sapere.it/

Gran diccionario español-portugués português-espanhol (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 2001). Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.wordreference.com/espt/
Great Spanish-Portuguese Portuguese-Spanish dictionary (VVAA. Madrid: Espasa Calpe, 2001). Free consultation at: http://www.wordreference.com/espt/

Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (de W. Meyer-Lübke. Heidelberg: Carl Winter’s Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911), con los ètimos de lo lèxico eredetato (non lo lèxico culto) de lo romance et los divèrsos cognatos. Consultatione gratuita en: http://www.archive.org/stream/romanischesetymo00meyeuoft#page/n6/mode/1up
Romanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (by W. Meyer-Lübke. Heidelberg: Carl Winter's Universitätsbuchhandlung, 1911), with the etymologies of the inherited lexicon (not the cult lexicon) of Romance and its various cognates. Free consultation at: http://www.archive.org/stream/romanischesetymo00meyeuoft#page/n6/mode/1up